Rhodospirillum rubrum produces 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) from S-adenosylmethionine in polyamine biosynthesis; however, R. rubrum lacks the classical methionine salvage pathway. Instead, MTA is converted to 5-methylthio-d-ribose 1-phosphate (MTR 1-P) and adenine; MTR 1-P is isomerized to 1-methylthio-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (MTXu 5-P) and reductively dethiomethylated to 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), an intermediate in the nonmevalonate isoprenoid pathway [Erb, T. J., et al. (2012) Nat. Chem. Biol., in press]. Dethiomethylation, a novel route to DXP, is catalyzed by MTXu 5-P methylsulfurylase. An active site Cys displaces the enolate of DXP from MTXu 5-P, generating a methyl disulfide intermediate.

Metastatic melanoma is among the most intractable cancers to treat; patients show resistance to therapy and limited survival time. A critical step in the development of metastatic melanoma is the acquisition of invasion and transition from thin to thick tumors on the skin, followed by invasion to lymph nodes. Prior studies have shown that metastatic melanoma is associated with dysregulation of RhoA and enhanced expression of a protein named “mediator of RhoA-dependent invasion (MRDI)”. Importantly, MRDI is a “moonlighting” enzyme, with two distinct functions in melanoma cells. First, MRDI acts as a methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) isomerase, catalyzing a critical step in methionine salvage. Second, MRDI promotes and is necessary for melanoma cell invasion, independent of its catalytic activity. This paper demonstrates that MtnA, a bacterial MTR-1-P isomerase, rescues the methionine salvage function of MRDI, but is unable to rescue its role in invasion. The crystal structure of MRDI was solved to a resolution of 2.5 Å to identify structural elements important for its invasion activity. This structure and its comparison with other MTR-1-P isomerases are presented, and mutations within a region separate from the MTR-1-P binding site, which interfere with invasion, are identified. Thus, structural elements in MRDI distal from the MTR-1-P catalytic site are responsible for the invasion phenotype.

Metastatic melanoma is among the most intractable cancers to treat; patients show resistance to therapy and limited survival time. A critical step in the development of metastatic melanoma is the acquisition of invasion and transition from thin to thick tumors on the skin, followed by invasion to lymph nodes. Prior studies have shown that metastatic melanoma is associated with dysregulation of RhoA and enhanced expression of a protein named “mediator of RhoA-dependent invasion (MRDI)”. Importantly, MRDI is a “moonlighting” enzyme, with two distinct functions in melanoma cells. First, MRDI acts as a methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) isomerase, catalyzing a critical step in methionine salvage. Second, MRDI promotes and is necessary for melanoma cell invasion, independent of its catalytic activity. This paper demonstrates that MtnA, a bacterial MTR-1-P isomerase, rescues the methionine salvage function of MRDI, but is unable to rescue its role in invasion. The crystal structure of MRDI was solved to a resolution of 2.5 Å to identify structural elements important for its invasion activity. This structure and its comparison with other MTR-1-P isomerases are presented, and mutations within a region separate from the MTR-1-P binding site, which interfere with invasion, are identified. Thus, structural elements in MRDI distal from the MTR-1-P catalytic site are responsible for the invasion phenotype.