Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Tengfei Wu, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian, and Yanhui Ao
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering September 5, 2017 Volume 5(Issue 9) pp:7670-7670
Publication Date(Web):August 13, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01043
Photocatalytic decomposition of water to hydrogen is an energy conversion process just like photosynthesis. Herein, for the first time, CoP-modified CdS/g-C3N4 composite nanorods were synthesized on the basis of the concept of combining heterojunction engineering with cocatalyst modification. The obtained CoP-CdS/g-C3N4 composites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity and good photostability when applied as a photocatalyst for water reduction. The H2 production rate reaches up to 23 536 μmol g–1 h–1, which was about 14 times higher than that of pure CdS. Furthermore, the stability of the composite was obviously improved. The outstanding performance of the CoP-CdS/g-C3N4 composites can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) Intimate contact between CdS and g-C3N4 can effectively promote the electron–hole pair spacial separation. (2) The introduction of CoP as cocatalyst on the CdS/g-C3N4 nanorods can further extract photogenerated electrons from CdS/g-C3N4 and lower the overpotential of H+ reduction.Keywords: CdS; g-C3N4; Noble-metal-free cocatalyst; Visible light; Water splitting;
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Jiaqiu Bao, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2017 Volume 698(Volume 698) pp:
Publication Date(Web):25 March 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.231
•A plasmonic heterojunction photocatalyst Ag@AgCl/titanium phosphate was prepared for the first.•It shows high activity under visible light irradiation.•The composite photocatalyst can degrade different kinds of pollutants (dyes, antibiotics and phenol).In this study, Ag@AgCl modified titanium phosphate nanoplates (Ag@AgCl/TP) composites were constructed using a two-step approach. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS). The Ag@AgCl was observed to be evenly dispersed on the surface of titanium phosphate and the Ag@AgCl composites showed excellent UV–vis absorption, due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag nanoparticles and the heterojunctions between Ag, AgCl and titanium phosphate. The photocatalytic activities of the Ag@AgCl/TP samples were examined under the irradiation of visible light for the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), reactive brilliant red (X-3B), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and phenol. The Ag@AgCl/TP composites revealed much better photocatalytic performance for these typical organic compounds than pure Ag@AgCl and titanium phosphate. With the help of Photoluminescence spectra and photocurrent tests, this work presented the mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic performance. The results show that the enhanced activity is due to the surface plasmon resonance effects of Ag and the heterojunctions between Ag, AgCl and TP. Moreover, the possible mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation was presented.
Co-reporter:Tengfei Wu;Peifang Wang;Jin Qian;Chao Wang;Jun Hou
Dalton Transactions 2017 vol. 46(Issue 40) pp:13793-13801
Publication Date(Web):2017/10/17
DOI:10.1039/C7DT02929B
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is a promising technology in solving the global energy and environment issues. Therefore, it is urgent to develop highly efficient, nonprecious metal and stable photocatalysts. In this work, we synthesized a highly efficient Ni2P–CdS/g-C3N4 composite based on the concept of combining heterojunction engineering with co-catalyst modification. When employed as a photocatalyst for water splitting, the obtained best composite (5% Ni2P–CdS/g-C3N4) displayed dramatically enhanced hydrogen evolution activity at the rate of 44 450 μmol h−1 g−1, which was about 27 times higher than that of pure CdS (1668 μmol h−1 g−1). The apparent quantum yield at 420 nm reaches 46.3%. The excellent photocatalytic activity and stability can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the intimate contact between CdS and g-C3N4 and the surface co-catalyst modification. Specifically, the g-C3N4 coated on the CdS nanorods can effectively promote the electron−hole pair separation spatially and Ni2P can lower the overpotential of H+ reduction.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Kedan Wang, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang and Jun Hou
Dalton Transactions 2016 vol. 45(Issue 19) pp:7986-7997
Publication Date(Web):24 Mar 2016
DOI:10.1039/C6DT00862C
In this paper, novel p–n type heterojunction BiOI/La2Ti2O7 nanocomposites were synthesized via a simple method for obtaining visible light activated photocatalysts. The crystal phases and crystallinity of the prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphologies of the BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elemental composition and states were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that the obtained composites were constructed by 2D BiOI and La2Ti2O7 nanosheets. Besides, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) indicated that BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites possessed better visible light absorptive properties than pure La2Ti2O7. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), dye X-3B, methyl orange (MO) and a colorless antibiotic agent, ciprofloxacin (CIP), under visible light irradiation. Results showed that BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites exhibited much higher activity than the corresponding single components. First of all, the enhanced activity can be ascribed to the improved visible light harvesting. Secondly, the results of photo-induced current and photoluminescence spectroscopy illustrated that the enhanced performance can also be attributed to the efficient transfer and separation of photoinduced charges, which resulted from the formed p–n heterojunctions between BiOI and La2Ti2O7. It can be expected that this novel 2D–2D p–n heterostructured photocatalyst would be a promising candidate for environmental remediation.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Jiaqiu Bao, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2016 Volume 476() pp:71-78
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.021
In this work, BiOCl modified titanium phosphate nanoplates (BiOCl/TP) composite photocatalysts with p-n heterojunctions were prepared by a in-situ growth method. The morphology, crystal structure and optical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS). Rhodamine B (RhB), reactive brilliant Red X-3B (X-3B), methylene blue (MB), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and phenol were used to investigate the photocatalytic performance of the prepared samples under ultraviolet light irradiation. Results showed that the BiOCl/TP exhibited much higher activity for the degradation of all these model organic pollutants than pure TP. The mechanism for the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance was established with the help of the results of photocurrent measurements and Photoluminescence spectra. The results illustrated that the enhanced activity could be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions between p-type BiOCl and n-type titanium phosphate, which effectively suppressed the recombination of photo-induced electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic mechanisms on the degradation of the organic pollutants were also proposed.A novel 2D-2D p-n type heterojunction photocatalyst (BiOCL/titanium phosphate nanoplates) was prepared for the first time. The photocatalyst shows efficient activity for the degradation of dyes, antibiotics and phenol. It shows potential application in environmental remediation.
Co-reporter:Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2016 Volume 467() pp:129-139
Publication Date(Web):1 April 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.005
In this study, magnetic graphene oxide-loaded Ce-doped titania (MGO–Ce–TiO2) hybridized composite was prepared by a facile method. The as-prepared samples exhibited good adsorption capacity, high visible-light photoactive and magnetic separability as a novel photocatalyst in the degradation of tetracyclines (TC). The intermediate products and photocatalytic route of TC were proposed based on the analysis results of LC–MS. Moreover, the repeatability of the photoactivity with the use of MGO–Ce–TiO2 was investigated in the multi-round experiments with the assistance of an applied magnetic field. Therefore, the prepared composite photocatalysts were considered as a kind of promising photocatalyst in a suspension reaction system, in which they can offer effectively recovery ability. The effect of MGO content on the photocatalytic performance was also studied, and an optimum content was obtained.A magnetically separable graphene oxide–cerium-doped titania (MGO–Ce–TiO2) hybrid photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a one step method. The as-obtained samples showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of tetracycline (TC, a typical antibiotic) under visible light irradiation. The composite catalysts combined high charge transferring properties of GO, superparamagnetic property of Fe3O4 and visible-light-activation of Ce-doped TiO2. The intermediates of tetracycline in the photocatalytic degradation process were analyzed. The photocatalytic degradation pathway of tetracycline was also proposed.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Hong Tang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian, Yi Li
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2016 Volume 688(Part B) pp:1-7
Publication Date(Web):15 December 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.180
•A novel Ag3VO4/BiOCl heterostructured photocatalyst was prepared for the first.•The sample shows enhanced photocatalytic activity due to the formation of heterojunction.•The composite photocatalyst shows good stability for dye degradation.A series of BiOCl-Ag3VO4 heterojunction photocatalysts with high visible light photocatalytic activity were synthesized by a in-situ growth route. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The azo dye reactive brilliant red X-3B was chosen as the target pollutant to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared heterojunctions under visible light irradiation. The BiOCl-Ag3VO4 composite photocatalysts exhibited much higher photocatalytic efficiency than pure BiOCl. The photoluminescence spectra and photocurrent results indicated that the enhanced activity was ascribed to the efficient charge separation and transfer between BiOCl-Ag3VO4 heterojunction. Furthermore, it was found that the content of Ag3VO4 affected the photocatalytic activity apparently. The highest activity was obtained with mole ratio of 2% for Ag3VO4 in the present work. Besides, a possible mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity was proposed for the degradation of dye under visible light.A novel Ag3VO4 nanoparticles deposited BiOCl nanosheets composite photocatalyst with heterojunctions was prepared for the first time. The as-obtained photocatalysts exhibit much higher activity than pure BiOCl under visible light irradiation.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Kedan Wang, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang and Jun Hou
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 54) pp:48599-48609
Publication Date(Web):25 Apr 2016
DOI:10.1039/C6RA05166A
In this study, highly active p–n-type BiOCl/La2Ti2O7 facet-coupling heterostructured nanocomposites were prepared via a simple method. The as-obtained samples were characterized by multiple techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM, HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption testing. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared BiOCl/La2Ti2O7 nanocomposites was investigated by degradation of the dye, rhodamine B, under UV light irradiation. The results revealed that BiOCl/La2Ti2O7 nanocomposites exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity compared to pure La2Ti2O7. In addition, BiOCl/La2Ti2O7 nanocomposites with BiOCl content of 22 wt% possessed the best photocatalytic properties. Furthermore, photocurrent measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were applied to study the mechanism of increased photocatalytic activity. The obtained results revealed that BiOCl/La2Ti2O7 heterojunction nanocomposites displayed better separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers and higher transfer rates of electrons in the interfacial domain due to the synergistic effect of {002}/{200} facet-coupling and p–n-type heterojunctions formed between BiOCl nanoplates and La2Ti2O7 thin nanosheets.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Liya Xu, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang and Jun Hou
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 23) pp:19223-19232
Publication Date(Web):11 Feb 2016
DOI:10.1039/C5RA26685H
In this work, Ag@AgCl modified La2Ti2O7 plasmonic photocatalysts were prepared by a simple and feasible two-step process. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS), photoluminescence (PL). Methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), reactive brilliant red X-3B (X-3B) and phenol were used as model organic pollutants to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples under visible light irradiation. The high photocatalytic activity of Ag@AgCl/La2Ti2O7 could be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects of Ag and the formation of a heterostructure between Ag, AgCl and La2Ti2O7, which effectively suppresses the recombination rate of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The cycling experiments revealed the good stability of the Ag@AgCl/La2Ti2O7 composites. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic mechanisms were also proposed. It would provide a potentially new composite photocatalyst for environment remediation.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Tengfei Wu, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian, Yi Li
Materials Letters 2016 Volume 163() pp:258-261
Publication Date(Web):15 January 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.10.050
•AgBr/Ag2CO3 heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by a one-pot method.•The as-prepared composite photocatalysts show enhanced activity for dye degradation.•Effect of AgBr amount on the photocatalytic activity was investigated.AgBr/Ag2CO3 heterojunctions were synthesized via a simple one-pot co-precipitation process. Namely, the growth of Ag2CO3 and AgBr crystals occurred simultaneously in one single process. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared samples was investigated by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. An enhancement in photocatalytic activity was observed in AgBr/Ag2CO3 composites compared with pure AgBr and Ag2CO3. We also investigated the effect of the ratio of AgBr/Ag2CO3 on the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared heterojunctions. With the optimal theoretical Br−/CO32- molar ratio of 1:2, the sample exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity.AgBr/Ag2CO3 heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple one-step co-precipitation method. The obtained material showed enhanced activity for dye degradation under visible light irradiation.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Di Wu, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2016 Volume 492() pp:71-78
Publication Date(Web):5 March 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.006
•ZnO nanorod arrays co-loaded with Au nanoparticles and RGO were prepared for the first time.•The sample shows enhanced photocatalytic activity due to the synergetic effect of RGO and Au.•The enhanced visible light absorption and transfer rate of electrons contribute to the high activity.ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) co-loaded with Au nanoparticles (NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are fabricated using a simple one-step electrochemical deposition method. The obtained photocatalysts were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, photoluminescence and UV–vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples was investigated by degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The results showed that Au/RGO–ZnO NRAs exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than RGO–ZnO NRAs, Au–ZnO NRAs and pure ZnO NRAs. The synergistic effect of Au NPs and RGO enhances visible light absorption range and transmits the hot electrons more efficiently. This research will encourage more rational design of efficient visible light responsive photocatalysts.A novel multi-heterojunction photocatalyst (graphene and Au co-loaded ZnO nanorod array) was prepared for the first time. The as-obtained samples showed much higher activity compared to pure ZnO NRAs, Au–ZnO NRAs and RGO–ZnO NRAs for dye degradation, which is almost 9 times higher than that of pure ZnO NRAs.
Co-reporter:Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou and Jin Qian
Dalton Transactions 2015 vol. 44(Issue 37) pp:16372-16382
Publication Date(Web):13 Aug 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5DT02266E
Hydrogen evolution by photocatalytic water splitting has attracted extensive attention in recent years. Here we report a composite photocatalyst, in which graphene and Pt particles act as cocatalysts to modify CdS nanowires. This composite photocatalyst was prepared by a solvothermal method followed by a photoreduction process. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area analysis. The graphene and Pt comodified CdS nanowires gain a high hydrogen evolution rate of 3984 μmol h−1 g−1, which is almost 4 times higher than that of bare CdS nanowires and also higher than the sum of graphene–CdS and Pt–CdS nanowires. The obtained sample also exhibits a good stability. The encouraging results presented here can be attributed to the incorporation of graphene and Pt which show a synergetic effect for hydrogen evolution. This work paves a way to the potential application of CdS nanowires in energy conversion.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Liya Xu, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou and Jin Qian
Dalton Transactions 2015 vol. 44(Issue 25) pp:11321-11330
Publication Date(Web):11 May 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5DT01168J
In this work, a series of novel flower-like Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions were prepared by a simple and feasible two-step process. The phase structures of as-prepared samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to confirm the flower-like heterostructures of the Bi2O2CO3/CdS composites. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SBET) of samples were analyzed by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) revealed that Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions exhibited better light absorptive properties than pure Bi2O2CO3. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of MB under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the as-prepared Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions exhibited much higher activity than pure Bi2O2CO3. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photocurrent studies indicated that the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs was decreased effectively due to the formation of heterojunctions between flower-like Bi2O2CO3 and CdS nanoparticles. Trapping experiments indicated that ˙O2− radicals were the main reactive species for MB degradation in the present photocatalytic system. Furthermore, the cycling experiments revealed the good stability of Bi2O2CO3–CdS composites.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Di Wu, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Applied Surface Science 2015 Volume 325() pp:112-116
Publication Date(Web):15 January 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.11.003
Highlights
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ZnO nanorod arrays with oxygen vacancies were prepared for the first time by a simple method.
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The obtained defective nanorod arrays showed much higher activity.
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An optimal treatment parameter was found out.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Dandan Wang, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou and Jin Qian
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 67) pp:54613-54621
Publication Date(Web):01 Jun 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA05473G
A BiOBr/Co–Ni–NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposite was prepared by an in situ growth method via a facile anion-exchange precipitation process. The resulting BiOBr/Co–Ni–NO3 LDH nanocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas. Results showed that the BiOBr nanosheets dispersed well on the surface of the LDHs in a vertical manner, like arrays. Moreover, compared to pure BiOBr nanosheets, Co–Ni–NO3 LDHs and Co–Ni–Br LDHs, the BiOBr/Co–Ni–NO3 LDH nanocomposite showed much higher adsorption and photocatalytic properties for organic dyes (methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB)) and phenol under UV-light irradiation. Furthermore, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes under UV-light irradiation was investigated in detail. This work paves a way to design new types of LDH-based 2D–2D composite photocatalysts with high adsorption and photocatalytic activity.
Co-reporter:Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2015 Volume 40(Issue 2) pp:1016-1025
Publication Date(Web):12 January 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.175
•Graphene oxide-loaded AgCl/Ag3PO4 composite photocatalyst was prepared for the first time.•The composite photocatalysts show high activity for dye degradation and O2 evolution.•The effect of graphene amount on the photocatalytic activity was investigated.•The composite photocatalyst showed good stability.A series of GO modified AgCl/Ag3PO4 composites were prepared by a simple method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was measured by the degradation of dye methylene blue (MB) and O2 evolution under visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the couple of AgCl and GO could effectively enhance the photoactivity and stability in comparison with bare Ag3PO4. From the analysis, it can be inferred that GO sheets could accelerate the separation of electron–hole pairs and also improve the light absorption ability in comparison with bare Ag3PO4 and AgCl/Ag3PO4. Additionally, an optimum amount of GO added in the composite was obtained.A novel hybrid photocatalyst (graphene oxide-loaded Ag3PO4@AgCl) was prepared by an in-situ anion ion-exchanging method. The as-obtained samples showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for dye decomposition and oxygen evolution under visible light irradiation.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Hong Tang, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang
Materials Letters 2014 Volume 131() pp:74-77
Publication Date(Web):15 September 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.083
Co-reporter:Lei Rao, Junling Xu, Yanhui Ao, Peifang Wang
Materials Research Bulletin 2014 57() pp: 41-46
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.05.006
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Yinyin Gao, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Materials Research Bulletin 2014 49() pp: 223-228
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.09.002
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Jiancheng Wu, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Analytica Chimica Acta 2013 Volume 767() pp:141-147
Publication Date(Web):12 March 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.028
In the present paper, the TiO2 nanorod arrays electrode was developed as a sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) based on a photoelectrochemical degradation principle. Effects of common parameters, such as applied potential, light intensity and pH on its analytical performance were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the nanorod arrays electrode was successfully applied in the COD determination for both synthetic and real samples. In the COD determination, the proposed method can achieve a practical detection limit of 18.3 mg L−1 and a linear range of 20–280 mg L−1. Furthermore, the results obtained by the proposed method were well correlated with those obtained using the conventional (i.e., dichromate) COD determination method. The main advantages of this COD determination method were its simplicity, long term stability and environmental friendly (corrosive and toxic reagents not consumed). This work would open a new application area (COD determination) of the TiO2 nanorod arrays.Graphical abstractThe figure shows the correlation between the experimental COD values by the titania nanorod array sensors and standard COD values (dichromate method). The correlation was satisfactory with correlation coefficient (R) 0.9801, demonstrating the results obtained by our method were in good agreement with the standard method.Highlights► TiO2 nanorod arrays were used for the determination of COD value for the first time. ► Obtained values correlated with conventional (i.e., dichromate) COD determination method. ► Described sensor shows long term stability and environmental friendly.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Yinyin Gao, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Materials Letters 2013 Volumes 102–103() pp:36-38
Publication Date(Web):July 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.101
•Titania nanosheet array film was prepared through direct oxidation of titanium substrate.•The effect of inorganic salts on the morphology of the nanosheet films was investigated.•The as-prepared nanosheet films show high photocatalytic activity.Titania nanosheet array film was prepared through direct oxidation of titanium substrate by H2O2 at 80 °C in the presence of common inorganic salts. A subsequent heat treatment at 450 °C transformed the amorphous thin film to anatase phase without destroying the morphology of nanosheets. The as-prepared TiO2 nanosheet film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM images of the samples indicated that the nanosheets grew nearly vertical to the surface of Ti substrate. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue under UV irradiation. Furthermore, photocurrent was also measured to investigate the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron and hole.Graphical abstractTitania nanosheet array film was prepared through direct oxidation of titanium substrate by H2O2 at 80 °C in the presence of common inorganic salts. The inorganic salts have distinct effect on the formation rate of nanosheet array film. The obtained nanosheet film can photocatalytically degrade dye efficiently.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Materials Letters 2013 Volume 101() pp:41-43
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.068
•Graphene-modified titania nanorod array composite films were prepared by a solvothermal method.•The as-prepared composite films show high photocatalytic activity.•The effect of graphene amount on the activity of the composite films was investigated.Graphene modified titania nanorod arrays composite films were prepared by a simple solvothermal method. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photo-induced current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV light. An increase in photocatalytic activity was observed for the composite photocatalysts compared with pure one. This improvement was attributed to the increased migration efficiency of photo-induced electrons. Furthermore, the effect of graphene content on the photocatalytic activity was also investigated. Results showed that the sample prepared with initial graphene oxide concentration of 0.1 mg mL−1 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for MB degradation.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao
Materials Letters 2013 Volume 108() pp:336-339
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2013.06.102
•CdS-deposited graphene–carbon nanotube composite photocatalyst was prepared for the first time.•The as-prepared composite photocatalysts show enhanced activity for dye degradation.•Effect of carbon nanotube amount on the photocatalytic activity was investigated.CdS-deposited graphene–CNTs hybrid photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. An enhanced photoactivity was observed for graphene–CNTs–CdS composites compared to graphene–CdS. The improvement was ascribed to the introduction of CNTs, which could reduce the aggregation of graphene and accelerate the electron transmission rate (reducing the recombination of photo-generated holes and electrons). The results also showed that the optimal mass ratio of CNTs: CdS was 2%. The mechanism of the enhancement in photocatalytic activity was also investigated.CdS-deposited graphene–CNTs hybrid photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The obtained material showed enhanced activity for dye degradation under visible light irradiation.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Jiancheng Wu, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2013 Volume 181() pp:1-8
Publication Date(Web):May 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2013.02.011
A novel, visible light responsive chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination method using a Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) electrode as sensor was proposed. In comparison with the pure TNTAs, the composite electrode showed much enhancement in the photocurrent response in visible region. With a positive bias potential of 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and visible light illumination, a COD detection limit of 15 mg L−1 COD and a linear range of 20–300 mg L−1 COD were achieved by the present composite electrode. When the composite electrode was used for the test of real wastewater samples, the obtained values were in good agreement with those determined by the standard K2Cr2O7 COD determination method. This paper would provide a potential outdoor COD determination method utilizing solar energy.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Carbon 2012 Volume 50(Issue 14) pp:5256-5264
Publication Date(Web):November 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.063
Graphene–Bi2MoO6 (G–Bi2MoO6) hybrid photocatalysts were prepared by a simple one-step process in which the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the growth of Bi2MoO6 crystals occurred simultaneously. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of reactive brilliant red dye X-3B. An increase in photocatalytic activity was observed for G–Bi2MoO6 hybrids compared with pure Bi2MoO6 under visible light. This improvement was attributed to the following two reasons: increased migration efficiency of photo-induced electrons and increased adsorption activity for dye molecules. A study of the effect of the amount of graphene on the photocatalytic activity showed that there was an optimum amount of 2.5% (initial GO weight).
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Muhan Cao, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Electrochemistry Communications 2011 Volume 13(Issue 12) pp:1423-1426
Publication Date(Web):December 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.09.009
Ce-doped titania nanoparticles, which prepared at low temperature, were deposited onto a boron-doped diamond (BDD) film via a dip-coating method. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and UV–vis diffusion reflection spectrum. The photoelectrochemical measurement of the as-prepared composite electrode showed a clear improvement in the photocurrent under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the composite electrode was applied in the degradation of a typical azo dye X-3B via photocatalysis, electro-oxidation and photoelectrocatalysis processes. Results showed that the degradation rate in the photoelectrocatalysis process was larger than the sum of photocatalysis and electro-oxidation processes, and the synergetic factor reached 1.5.Highlights► Ce-doped TiO2-coated BDD composite electrode was designed for the first time. ► The composite electrode shows high activity for dye degradation. ► The composite electrode can be excited by visible light. ► The recombination rate of photo-induced charge pairs can be decreased. ► It exhibits a synergetic factor of 1.5 for dye degradation.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Jiancheng Wu, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Materials Letters 2011 Volume 65(21–22) pp:3278-3280
Publication Date(Web):November 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.07.029
Sn-doped hollow titania spheres were prepared using carbon spheres as template and Sn-doped titania nanoparticles as building blocks. The Sn-doped titania nanoparticles were synthesized under mild condition (low temperature and atmospheric pressure). The prepared hollow spheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of Sn content on the physical structure and photocatalytic activity of doped hollow titania sphere samples were investigated. It shows that the increasing of Sn content induces the transformation of titania from anatase to rutile phase. Results also showed that there was an optimal Sn-doped content (5%) in our samples for the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B (C.I. reactive red 2).Highlights► Sn-doped titania hollow spheres were synthesized green, simple and economical method. ► The as-prepared samples show high photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. ► The effect of Sn content on the photocatalytic performance of the samples was investigated.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Yanhui Ao, Peifang Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Applied Surface Science 2010 Volume 257(Issue 1) pp:227-231
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.06.071
Abstract
Nd-doped titania hollow spheres were prepared using carbon spheres as template and Nd-doped titania nanoparticles as building blocks. The Nd-doped titania nanoparticles were synthesized at low temperature. The prepared hollow spheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS). The effects of Nd content on the physical structure and photocatalytic activities of doped titania hollow sphere samples were investigated. Results showed that there was an optimal Nd-doped content (3.9 at.%) for the photocatalytic degradation of dye X-3B (C.I. Reactive Red 2). The apparent rate constant of the best one was almost 9 times as that of P25 titania. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation was also discussed.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Yanhui Ao, Peifang Wang, Songhe Zhang, Jin Qian, Jun Hou
Applied Surface Science 2010 Volume 256(Issue 13) pp:4125-4128
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.01.095
Abstract
ZnS nanoribbon film has been successfully prepared by solvothermal treating of Zn foil and S powder in hydrazine hydrate without any surfactant and post-high temperature treatment. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and PL. Results show that the obtained films were with high crystallinity and uniformity. The obtained samples were used as a photocatalyst for degradation of dye X-3B, and results show that the dye can be photocatalytically degraded with high rate by as-prepared ZnS nanoribbon film under UV light irradiation.
Co-reporter:Jingjing Xu, Yanhui Ao, Mindong Chen, Degang Fu
Applied Surface Science 2010 Volume 256(Issue 13) pp:4397-4401
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.02.037
Abstract
N-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTN) were prepared by anodization and dip-calcination method. Hydrazine hydrate was used as nitrogen source. The surface morphology of samples was characterized by SEM. It showed that the mean size of inner diameter was 65 nm and wall thickness was 15 nm for NTN. The ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti substrate can sustain the impact of doping process and post-heat treatment. The atomic ratio of N/Ti was 8/25, which was calculated by EDX. Photoelectrochemical property of NTN was examined by anodic photocurrent response. Results indicated the photocurrent of NTN was nearly twice as that of non-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays (TN). Photocatalytic activity of NTN was investigated by degrading dye X-3B under visible light. As a result, 99% of X-3B was decomposed by NTN in 105 min, while that of TN was 59%.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Yanhui Ao, Peifang Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Materials Letters 2010 Volume 64(Issue 8) pp:1003-1006
Publication Date(Web):30 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2010.02.013
In this work, Gd-doped titania hollow spheres were prepared using hydrothermally prepared carbon spheres as template. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, DRS and XPS. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared hollow titania spheres was determined by degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red dye X-3B (C.I. reactive red 2) under visible light irradiation. The effect of Gd content on the physical structure and photocatalytic properties of doped titania hollow sphere samples was investigated. Results showed that there was an optimal Gd-doped content (4%) for the photocatalytic activity of X-3B degradation.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Yanhui Ao, Peifang Wang, Jun Hou, Jin Qian, Songhe Zhang
Materials Letters 2010 Volume 64(Issue 3) pp:439-441
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.11.041
In the present work, we reported the controlled synthesis of CdS mesospheres composed of radially arranged nanorods by hydrothermal method without any surfactant. The as-prepared CdS mesospheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns indicated that these CdS mesospheres present a hexagonal structure and free of deleterious phases. SEM micrographs showed that CdS mesospheres are composed of several nanoparticles with growth mechanism via aggregation of particles. The photocatalytic activities were investigated by degradation of reactive brilliant dye X-3B (C.I. Reactive Red 2) under visible light irradiation. Results show that 93% X-3B was degraded after 100 min irradiation by the best one sample. The results indicate that the as-prepared CdS samples are promising candidate materials for visible light responsive photocatalysts.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Jingjing Xu, Degang Fu
Applied Surface Science 2009 Volume 256(Issue 1) pp:239-245
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.08.008
Abstract
Nanocrystalline mesoporous titania was synthesized via a combined sol–gel process with surfactant-assisted templating method using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structure-directing agent. The process was catalyzed by different acid (hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid). The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET and FT-IR. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was determined by degradation of phenol in aqueous solution. Results showed that different acid had different effect on the structure and crystal phase of the samples. The sample adjusted by phosphoric acid showed highest surface area and photocatalytic activity. The formation mechanism of the samples catalyzed by different acid was also discussed.
Co-reporter:Chao Wang, Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Applied Catalysis A: General (5 March 2014) Volume 473() pp:83-89
Publication Date(Web):5 March 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.apcata.2013.12.028
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Muhan Cao, Chao Wang, Yanhui Ao, Jun Hou, Jin Qian
Applied Surface Science (30 January 2014) Volume 290() pp:
Publication Date(Web):30 January 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.11.010
•Magnetically separable graphene-carbon nanotube composite was prepared for the first time.•The as-prepared composite materials show high activity for dye adsorption.•Effect of carbon nanotube amount on the adsorption activity was investigated.•The kinetic was well-described by pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion model.A solvothermal method was employed to prepare a novel magnetic composite adsorbent composed of graphene, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The prepared adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the particle size distribution of the samples before and after adsorption was also carried out. The performance of as-prepared composites was investigated by the adsorption of dye methylene blue. Results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the samples was up to 65.79 mg g−1, which was almost equal to the sum of magnetic graphene and magnetic MWCNTs. The effect of pH and temperature on the adsorption performance of methylene blue onto the magnetic adsorbents was investigated. The kinetic was well-described by pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion model, while the isotherm obeyed the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, the as-prepared composites were found to be regenerative and reusable. The application in the treatment of an artificial dye wastewater and its cost estimation were also discussed. Therefore, the as-prepared magnetic composites can be severed as a potential adsorbent for removal of dye pollutant, owing to its high adsorption performance, magnetic separability and efficient recyclable property.
Co-reporter:Peifang Wang, Liya Xu, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1 June 2017) Volume 495() pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.003
In this work, flower-like Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 multi-heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by a in-situ growth method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by different techniques including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Photoluminescence (PL) and photo-induced current. The photocatalytic performance of the as prepared samples was evaluated by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light (λ > 400 nm). Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 exhibited much higher activity than pure Bi2O2CO3 or Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3. The rate constant of best one Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 sample is 100 and 14 times as that of pure Bi2O2CO3 and β-Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 can be ascribed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects of Au nanoparticles and the formed multi-heterojunctions, which enhanced the absorbance of visible light and facilitated the transferring and separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, respectively.A novel multi-heterojunction photocatalyst Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 was prepared by a one-pot in-situ growth method for the first time. The as-obtained photocatalysts show much higher activity under visible light irradiation for the degradation of organic pollutants. The rate constant of the best one Au/Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 sample is 100 and 14 times as that of pure Bi2O2CO3 and β-Bi2O3/Bi2O2CO3, respectively.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Jiaqiu Bao, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang and Jun Hou
Dalton Transactions 2016 - vol. 45(Issue 35) pp:NaN13916-13916
Publication Date(Web):2016/08/03
DOI:10.1039/C6DT02582J
In this study, BiOBr–titanium phosphate (BiOBr/TP) plate-on-plate composites with p–n heterojunctions were synthesized using a simple, feasible two-step method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) were used to evaluate the structure, morphology and optical properties of the composites. Rhodamine B (RhB) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were chosen as model pollutants to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples under irradiation of both ultraviolet and visible light. The BiOBr/TP composites exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of both pollutants than pure TP. The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the formed p–n heterojunctions between p-type BiOBr and n-type TP, which efficiently reduced the recombination rate of photo-excited electrons and holes. Moreover, a possible photocatalytic mechanism of organic pollutant degradation by the obtained samples was presented in detail.
Co-reporter:Muhan Cao, Peifang Wang, Yanhui Ao, Chao Wang, Jun Hou and Jin Qian
Dalton Transactions 2015 - vol. 44(Issue 37) pp:NaN16382-16382
Publication Date(Web):2015/08/13
DOI:10.1039/C5DT02266E
Hydrogen evolution by photocatalytic water splitting has attracted extensive attention in recent years. Here we report a composite photocatalyst, in which graphene and Pt particles act as cocatalysts to modify CdS nanowires. This composite photocatalyst was prepared by a solvothermal method followed by a photoreduction process. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area analysis. The graphene and Pt comodified CdS nanowires gain a high hydrogen evolution rate of 3984 μmol h−1 g−1, which is almost 4 times higher than that of bare CdS nanowires and also higher than the sum of graphene–CdS and Pt–CdS nanowires. The obtained sample also exhibits a good stability. The encouraging results presented here can be attributed to the incorporation of graphene and Pt which show a synergetic effect for hydrogen evolution. This work paves a way to the potential application of CdS nanowires in energy conversion.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Kedan Wang, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang and Jun Hou
Dalton Transactions 2016 - vol. 45(Issue 19) pp:NaN7997-7997
Publication Date(Web):2016/03/24
DOI:10.1039/C6DT00862C
In this paper, novel p–n type heterojunction BiOI/La2Ti2O7 nanocomposites were synthesized via a simple method for obtaining visible light activated photocatalysts. The crystal phases and crystallinity of the prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphologies of the BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elemental composition and states were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that the obtained composites were constructed by 2D BiOI and La2Ti2O7 nanosheets. Besides, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) indicated that BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites possessed better visible light absorptive properties than pure La2Ti2O7. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), dye X-3B, methyl orange (MO) and a colorless antibiotic agent, ciprofloxacin (CIP), under visible light irradiation. Results showed that BiOI/La2Ti2O7 composites exhibited much higher activity than the corresponding single components. First of all, the enhanced activity can be ascribed to the improved visible light harvesting. Secondly, the results of photo-induced current and photoluminescence spectroscopy illustrated that the enhanced performance can also be attributed to the efficient transfer and separation of photoinduced charges, which resulted from the formed p–n heterojunctions between BiOI and La2Ti2O7. It can be expected that this novel 2D–2D p–n heterostructured photocatalyst would be a promising candidate for environmental remediation.
Co-reporter:Yanhui Ao, Liya Xu, Peifang Wang, Chao Wang, Jun Hou and Jin Qian
Dalton Transactions 2015 - vol. 44(Issue 25) pp:NaN11330-11330
Publication Date(Web):2015/05/11
DOI:10.1039/C5DT01168J
In this work, a series of novel flower-like Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions were prepared by a simple and feasible two-step process. The phase structures of as-prepared samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to confirm the flower-like heterostructures of the Bi2O2CO3/CdS composites. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SBET) of samples were analyzed by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) revealed that Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions exhibited better light absorptive properties than pure Bi2O2CO3. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of MB under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the as-prepared Bi2O2CO3/CdS heterojunctions exhibited much higher activity than pure Bi2O2CO3. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photocurrent studies indicated that the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs was decreased effectively due to the formation of heterojunctions between flower-like Bi2O2CO3 and CdS nanoparticles. Trapping experiments indicated that ˙O2− radicals were the main reactive species for MB degradation in the present photocatalytic system. Furthermore, the cycling experiments revealed the good stability of Bi2O2CO3–CdS composites.
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