Co-reporter:Quan-Dan Xiang, Qiang Yu, Hui Wang, Ming-Ming Zhao, Shi-Yu Liu, Shao-Ping Nie, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry July 5, 2017 Volume 65(Issue 26) pp:5306-5306
Publication Date(Web):June 13, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01763
Our previous study has demonstrated that Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) has immunomodulatory activity on spleen lymphocytes. However, how PSG-1 exerts its effect on purified lymphocytes is still obscure. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of PSG-1 on purified T lymphocytes and further elucidate the underlying mechanism based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our results showed that PSG-1 promoted T lymphocytes proliferation and increased the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-12. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis found 394 differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway analysis identified 20 significant canonical pathways and seven biological functions. Furthermore, PSG-1 elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity and raised the p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 expression levels. T lymphocytes proliferation and the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-12 were decreased by the inhibitors of calcium channel and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicated that PSG-1 possesses immunomodulatory activity on purified T lymphocytes, in which Ca2+/CaN and MAPK pathways play essential roles.Keywords: Ca2+/CaN pathway; Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide; MAPK pathway; purified T lymphocytes; RNA-seq;
Co-reporter:Wen-Juan Li, Xiao-Fang Tang, Xiao-Xue Shuai, Cheng-Jia Jiang, Xiang Liu, Le-Feng Wang, Yu-Fei Yao, Shao-Ping Nie, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2017 Volume 65(Issue 2) pp:
Publication Date(Web):December 8, 2016
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04888
The ability of mannose receptor (MR) to recognize the carbohydrate structures is well-established. Here, we reported that MR was crucial for the immune response to a Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1), as evidenced by elevation of MR in association with increase of phagocytosis and concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in normal macrophages. Elevation of MR triggered by PSG-1 also led to control lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered inflammatory response via the increase of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and inhibition of phagocytosis and IL-1β. Anti-MR antibody partly attenuated PSG-1-mediated anti-inflammatory responses, while it could not affect TNF-α secretion, suggesting that another receptor was involved in PSG-1-triggered immunomodulatory effects. MR and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 coordinated the influences on the TLR4-mediated signaling cascade by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages subjected to PSG-1. Collectively, immune response to PSG-1 required recognition by MR in macrophages. The NF-κB pathway served as a central role for the coordination of MR and TLR4 to elicit immune response to PSG-1.Keywords: Ganoderma atrum polysaccharides; macrophage; mannose receptor; NF-κB signaling pathway; toll-like receptors;
Co-reporter:Zhi-Jun Wang;Jian-Hua Xie;Shao-Ping Nie;Ming-Yong Xie
Food & Function (2010-Present) 2017 vol. 8(Issue 3) pp:915-926
Publication Date(Web):2017/03/22
DOI:10.1039/C6FO01315E
Owing to various health functions, natural polysaccharides are becoming a kind of popular dietary nutritional supplement. At present, the occurrence of many chronic diseases is closely related to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Note that polysaccharides with anti-oxidative activity have been paid significant attention as medicines, cosmetics, and food. Many documents constantly prove the effects of antioxidant polysaccharides against Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the structural features and functional properties of antioxidant polysaccharides have been extensively studied. Many chemical and biological methods have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Because of deficiencies in the accuracy and authenticity of the chemiluminescence method, the use of cell models has gradually become the mainstream method based on providing a more real biological environment. For these reasons, this study summarizes an overview of recent advances in cell models to evaluate the potential antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides. This study focuses on the advancements in the types of cell models and evaluation of the indexes of the potential mechanisms and factors that influence the anti-oxidative activity of polysaccharides. The aim is to provide useful background and updated information for further development and application of antioxidant polysaccharides.
Co-reporter:Hui Wang, Qiang Yu, Shao-Ping Nie, Quan-Dan Xiang, Ming-Ming Zhao, Shi-Yu Liu, Ming-Yong Xie, Shun-Qi Wang
Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017 Volume 108, Part B(Volume 108, Part B) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.026
•PSG-1 promoted the expressions of cell surface molecules and cytokines production in DCs.•PSG-1 induced the expression of maturation markers and cytokines of DCs though MAPK pathway.•PSG-1 indirectly stimulated DCs in DCs-Caco-2 co-culture model.Ganoderma atrum (G. atrum), a member of the genus Ganoderma, is an edible and medicinal fungus. In this study, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) on dendritic cells (DCs). Firstly, flow cytometric and ELISA analysis showed that PSG-1 increased cell surface molecule expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86, and enhanced the production of IL-12 p70, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, MIP-1α and MCP-1 in DCs. PSG-1-treated DCs promoted the proliferation of splenic T lymphocyte of mouse in mixed lymphocyte reaction. The above results demonstrated that PSG-1 induced the maturation of DCs. Secondly, PSG-1 increased the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK determined by western blot. Inhibitors of p38, ERK and JNK decreased PSG-1-induced expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 and production of IL-6 and IL-10 by DCs. These results suggested that PSG-1 induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was involved in the regulation of maturation markers and cytokines expression in DCs. Finally, PSG-1 increased expression of MHC-II of DCs in a DCs-Caco-2 co-culture model, suggesting that PSG-1 could indirectly influence DCs. In summary, our data suggested that PSG-1 directly induced DCs maturation via activating MAPK pathways, and indirectly stimulated DCs separated by intestinal epithelial cells.
Co-reporter:Yu-Fei Yao, Xiang Liu, Wen-Juan Li, Zi-Wei Shi, Yu-Xin Yan, Le-Feng Wang, Ming Chen, Ming-Yong Xie
Life Sciences 2017 Volume 180(Volume 180) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.004
Aims(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol compound, plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EGCG on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in Sarcoma 180 (S180) tumor-bearing mice.Main methodsS180 tumor-bearing mice were established by subcutaneous inoculation of S180 cells attached to the axillary region. The extent of myocardial injury was accessed by the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released in serum. Heart tissue was morphologically studied with transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔѰm) as well as calcium concentration were measured by flow cytometric analysis. Expression levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were analyzed by Western blot.Key findingsResults showed that the combination with EGCG and DOX significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced induction of apoptosis compared with DOX alone. Moreover, administration of EGCG could suppress DOX-induced cardiotoxicity as evidenced by alleviating LDH release and apoptosis in cardiomyocyte. EGCG-evoked cardioprotection was in association with the increase of ΔѰm and MnSOD expression. EGCG was also found to attenuate ROS generation and myocardial calcium overload in Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice subjected to DOX.SignificanceEGCG alleviated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity possibly in part mediated by increasing of MnSOD and Ѱm, reducing myocardial calcium overload and subsequently attenuating the apoptosis and LDH release. Our findings suggest that co-administration of EGCG and DOX have potential as a feasible strategy to mitigate cardiotoxicity of DOX without compromising its chemotherapeutic value.Download high-res image (138KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Junqiao Wang, Shaoping Nie, Steve W. Cui, Zhijun Wang, Aled O. Phillips, Glyn O. Phillips, Yajing Li, Mingyong Xie
Food Hydrocolloids 2017 Volume 67(Volume 67) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.01.010
•A homogenous polysaccharide (NCSP-50) from natural Cordyceps sinensis was isolated and purified.•NCSP-50 is a 4-linked α-glucan substituted by α-glucose units attached to C-6.•The glucan showed a significant immunostimulatory effect on macrophages.A water-soluble polysaccharide, named NCSP-50, was obtained from natural Cordyceps sinensis by hot water extraction and ethanol fractionation precipitation. It was eluted as a single symmetrical peak and had an average molecular weight of 9.76 × 105 Da. The structure was determined by monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, and enzymatic hydrolysis and characterization of the oligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The repeating unit of this polysaccharide was proposed as follows:Download high-res image (64KB)Download full-size imageThis glucan showed potent immunostimulatory activity on the basis of its significant abilities to promote macrophage proliferation, enhance NO production, as well as and cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) secretion.Download high-res image (189KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Wen-Juan Li, Lu Li, Weng-Ya Zhen, Le-Feng Wang, Meng Pan, Jia-Qian Lv, Fan Wang, Yu-Fei Yao, Shao-Ping Nie, Ming-Yong Xie
Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017 Volume 99(Volume 99) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 January 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.033
•PSG-1 protected mice against CTX-mediated immune dysfunction in vivo.•PSG-1 ameliorated oxidative damage in spleen and thymus of immunosuppressed mice.•PSG-1 ameliorated apoptosis in spleen and thymus of immunosuppressed mice.•Antioxidant activities play an important role in PSG-1-triggered immune benefits in immunosuppressed mice.Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) is a bioactive compound with antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PSG-1 on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis in spleen and thymus of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results showed that PSG-1 protected mice against CTX-mediated immunosuppression, as evidenced by enhancing the ratios of thymus and spleen weights to body weight, promoting T cell and B cell survival, and increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-2. Apoptosis, ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in the immune organs of the immunosuppressed animals were ameliorated by PSG-1. The immune benefits of PSG-1 were associated with the enhancement of the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the immune organs, implying that antioxidant activities of PSG-1 may play an important role in PSG-1-evoked immune protection. Taken together, these findings have demonstrated that PSG-1 may ameliorate CTX-induced immunosuppression through reducing apoptosis and oxidative damage in immunological system.Download high-res image (251KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Lijiao Kan, Shaoping Nie, Jielun Hu, Zhouyilin Liu, Mingyong Xie
Journal of Functional Foods 2016 Volume 26() pp:622-631
Publication Date(Web):October 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.030
•Kidney bean coats are excellent sources of anthocyanins.•Sixteen anthocyanins were identified in tested samples.•Anthocyanins contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity of kidney bean coats.Colour features, anthocyanins composition and antioxidant activities of the coats from 26 kidney bean cultivars were investigated. The colour of kidney bean coats was diverse, and a good correlation was observed between c value and delphinidin content (r2 = 0.7454). Based on 5 common forms of anthocyanidins, 16 anthocyanins were identified. The individual content of pelargonidin, cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin, malvidin and the total anthocyanindins were in the ranges of 0–0.71, 0–1.44, 0–0.41, 0–4.45, 0–0.27, and 0–5.84 mg/g of dry weight of bean coats. Significant differences of the antioxidant activities were observed. Non-white bean coats which contained more anthocyanidins showed much higher antioxidant activities than the white ones which contained no anthocyanidins. Delphinidin and cyanidin played an important role in the strong antioxidant activities of the tested samples. Our study revealed that appropriate selection of kidney beans could provide abundant sources of anthocyanins for food colourants endowed with antioxidant activities.
Co-reporter:Chang Li, Linyan Li, Hanbing Jia, Yuting Wang, Mingyue Shen, Shaoping Nie, Mingyong Xie
Food Chemistry 2016 Volume 199() pp:605-611
Publication Date(Web):15 May 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.015
•Formation of 3-MCPD esters has a positive correlation with MAGs, DAGs and chlorine.•Chlorine is more predominant than acylglycerols in terms of precursors.•Washing bleached oil can reduce the 3-MCPD esters in deodorized oil.•Adding diacetin can mitigate the formation of 3-MCPD esters during deodorizing.In the present study, lab-scale physical refining processes were investigated for their effects on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters. The potential precursors, partial acylglycerols and chlorines were determined before each refining step. 3-MCPD esters were not detected in degummed and bleached oil when the crude oils were extracted by solvent. While in the hot squeezed crude oils, 3-MCPD esters were detected with low amounts. 3-MCPD esters were generated with maximum values in 1–1.5 h at a certain deodorizing temperature (220–260 °C). Chlorine seemed to be more effective precursor than partial acylglycerol. By washing bleached oil before deodorization with ethanol solution, the precursors were removed partially and the content of 3-MCPD esters decreased to some extent accordingly. Diacetin was found to reduce 3-MCPD esters effectively.
Co-reporter:Hui Zhang, Steve W. Cui, Shao-Ping Nie, Yi Chen, Yuan-Xing Wang, Ming-Yong Xie
Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2016 Volume 7(Issue 2) pp:9-18
Publication Date(Web):April 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.bcdf.2016.04.002
•PSG was fractionated into five fractions with different content of sugar, proteins and phenolic compounds.•Antioxidant components were enriched in the high charge density fractions (F0.5 and F2).•Acidic fractions (F0.2 and F0.5) were responsible for the immunomodulatory activity of PSG.•Phenolic and proteins were clarified to be the pivotal antioxidant components in PSG.The pivotal components responsible for the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum (PSG) were identified by chemical composition and antioxidant activity analysis after separating PSG into different fractions. PSG was determined to be a mixture with neutral fraction and acidic fraction, as well as protein and phenolic compounds. The fractions with different ionic density were separated by anion exchange chromatography (AEC). The neutral fraction (Fw) was identified as a (1→6)-linked-heterogalactan, while the ionic fractions (F0.2, F0.5 and F2) were acidic (1→3, 1→6)-linked-heteroglucans with non-sugar components. Phenolic compounds and proteins bonded/crosslinked with PSG were enriched in the very ionic fractions (F0.5 and F2). Antioxidant activities of PSG and its fractions via chemical assays showed good correlation to the total phenolic and protein contents, while cell culture assay indicated that acidic (1→3, 1→6)-linked-heteroglucan could significantly stimulate the macrophage cell RAW264.7 to release nitric oxide. These results clarified that the antioxidant activities of PSG ascribed to the phenolic and protein components, rather than the carbohydrates part which would be more responsible to the immunomodulatory activity of PSG.
Co-reporter:Chang Li;Hanbing Jia;Yuting Wang;Mingyue Shen;Shaoping Nie
Food Analytical Methods 2016 Volume 9( Issue 4) pp:845-855
Publication Date(Web):2016 April
DOI:10.1007/s12161-015-0256-x
A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of the sum of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in edible oils. Meanwhile, the measurement uncertainty was estimated. Testing sample preparation was optimized, and the optimal condition was attained. Good linearity was observed with the GC-MS method for the concentration range of 0.05–5.0 mg/kg (R2 = 0.9994). It was proved to be an accurate and precise method for the determination of 3-MCPD esters according to the validation results. The recovery range was 89.0–104.6 %, and the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 25 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory reproducibility was achieved with lower than 15 %. Repeatability was determined and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), with the value range of 3.9–12.0 %.The contents of 3-MCPD esters were determined in 12 kinds of oils using this method. Measurement uncertainties were calculated by applying bottom-up approach. The main dominant sources were identified and quantified, which were standard solutions preparation, recovery, and calibration curve. It reminds that the predominant uncertainty sources should be paid much more attention during preparing the testing samples in the future.
Co-reporter:Jian-Hua Xie, Cai-jun Dong, Shao-Ping Nie, Feng Li, Zhi-Jun Wang, Ming-Yue Shen, Ming-Yong Xie
Food Chemistry 2015 Volume 186() pp:97-105
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.106
•MAE technology was firstly used for flavonoids extraction from C. paliurus.•Extraction conditions of flavonoids in C. paliurus have been optimised by RSM.•C. paliurus flavonoids showed good antioxidant activity in in vitro.•Five flavonoids have been identified by LC–MS.Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves, its chemical composition and antioxidant activity were investigated in this study. The influences of parameters including temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to solvent and solvents on the yield of flavonoids were studied. The optimal conditions were determined and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models. The maximum extraction yield of 15.64 mg/g was achieved at temperature of 76.8 °C, extraction time of 15 min, alcohol concentration of 63.2% and ratio of solvent to material of 21.4:1. Five main constituents in the extract including quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, kaempferol-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside and kaempferol were identified by LC–MS. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the extract exhibited a strong DPPH radical-scavenging ability with IC50 value of 0.146 mg/mL. Results indicated that MAE was a suitable approach for the selective extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Hui Zhang, Yuanxing Wang, Shaoping Nie, Chang Li, Mingyong Xie
Food Chemistry 2015 Volume 186() pp:231-238
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.032
•Sulfated derivatives of polysaccharide with different DS were prepared.•Their antioxidant and immunomodulating activities were studied and compared.•The immunomodulatory activity of S-PSG-2 was superior to other derivatives.•The bioactivities are affected by their DS and other structural characteristics.In this study, three chemically sulfated polysaccharides (S-PSG) with different degree of sulfate substitution (DS) were derived from Ganoderma atrum. FT-IR and 13C NMR spectra indicated that the substitution was predominantly on C-6 position compared with the C-2 position. The antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of S-PSG were further examined to determine the relationship between its structure and bioactivity. The results showed that compared with the native polysaccharide, the S-PSG-2 with moderate DS and molecular weight exhibited the highest immunomodulatory activity by increasing the macrophage phagocytosis capacity and TNF-α production. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was also greatly enhanced by S-PSG in all the groups compared with PSG. However, the reducing power and the antioxidant activities in β-carotene–linoleic acid assay were decreased. These results indicated that except for the DS, some other structural characteristics such as molecular weight, substitution position and chain conformation were also important factors affecting their bioactivities. And the S-PSG-2 we derived could be served as immunomodulator and free-radical inhibitors.
Co-reporter:Qiang Yu, Shao-Ping Nie, Jun-Qiao Wang, Dan-Fei Huang, Wen-Juan Li, Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Functional Foods 2015 Volume 15() pp:52-60
Publication Date(Web):May 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.015
•PSG-1 enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, NO and cytokine release in Cy-treated mice.•PSG-1 activated MAPKs, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways in Cy-treated mice.•PSG-1 recovered T and B cell proliferation responses in Cy-treated mice.•PSG-1 stimulated Ca2+/PKC and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in Cy-treated mice.•PSG-1 is a potential candidate in lessening chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.The molecular mechanism underlying the chemoprotective effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice was investigated. In Cy-treated mice, PSG-1 treatment significantly promoted the phagocytosis, and stimulated the production of NO and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, PSG-1 elevated the phosphorylation of MAPKs and Akt, as well as expression of NF-κB in peritoneal macrophages. In addition, PSG-1 enhanced the recovery of T and B cell proliferation responses in Cy-treated mice. Furthermore, Ca2+ concentration and PKC activity of spleen lymphocytes in PSG-1 groups dramatically increased as compared with that of the model group. Finally, PSG-1 administration was found to dose-dependently improve the decline of cAMP level and PKA activity caused by Cy. These findings indicated that the chemoprotective effects of PSG-1 may be attributed to its capacity to activate peritoneal macrophages and spleen lymphocytes in Cy-treated mice.
Co-reporter:Qiang Yu, Shao-Ping Nie, Jun-Qiao Wang, Dan-Fei Huang, Wen-Juan Li, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015 Volume 63(Issue 2) pp:517-525
Publication Date(Web):December 30, 2014
DOI:10.1021/jf5041096
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1)-induced antitumor activity. In vitro, the apoptosis rate of S-180 cells was increased in PSG-1-induced peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN (wild-type) mice, but not from C3H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient) mice. In the S-180 tumor model, phagocytosis, NO and ROS release, phosphorylation of MAPKs and Akt, and expression of NF-κB were increased by PSG-1 in peritoneal macrophage derived from C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, PSG-1 elevated Th1 cytokine production and enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK cells in C3H/HeN mice. In addition, PSG-1 decreased the tumor weight and increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities of tumor derived from the C3H/HeN mice. However, none of these activities were observed in C3H/HeJ mice. In summary, these findings demonstrated that the antitumor activity of PSG-1 is mediated by TLR4.
Co-reporter:Chang Li, Hanbing Jia, Mingyue Shen, Yuting Wang, Shaoping Nie, Yi Chen, Yongqiang Zhou, Yuanxing Wang, and Mingyong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015 Volume 63(Issue 44) pp:9850-9854
Publication Date(Web):October 18, 2015
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03503
The capacities of six antioxidants to inhibit the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol (3-MCPD) esters were examined in this study. Inhibitory capacities of the antioxidants were investigated both in chemical models containing the precursors (tripalmitoyl glycerol, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, monopalmitoyl glycerol, and sodium chloride) of 3-MCPD esters and in oil models (rapeseed oil and sodium chloride). Six antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), l-ascorbyl palmitate (AP), and α-tocopherol (VE), were found to exhibit inhibiting capacities on 3-MCPD ester formation both in chemical models and in oil models. TBHQ provided the highest inhibitory capacity both in chemical models and in oil models; 44% of 3-MCPD ester formation was inhibited in the presence of TBHQ (66 mg/kg of oil) after heating of rapeseed oil at 230 °C for 30 min, followed by PG and AP. BHT, BHA, and VE appeared to have weaker inhibitory abilities in both models. VE exhibited the lowest inhibition rate; 22% of 3-MCPD esters were inhibited in the presence of VE (172 mg/kg of oil) after heating of rapeseed oil at 230 °C for 30 min. In addition, the inhibition rates of PG and VE decreased dramatically with an increase in temperature or heating time. The results suggested that some antioxidants, such as TBHQ, PG, and AP, could be the potential inhibitors of 3-MCPD esters in practice.
Co-reporter:Qiang Yu, Shao-Ping Nie, Jun-Qiao Wang, Dan-Fei Huang, Wen-Juan Li, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015 Volume 63(Issue 10) pp:2734-2740
Publication Date(Web):February 25, 2015
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00028
The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in spleen lymphocytes. Our results showed that PSG-1 increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity. Moreover, PSG-1 was found to elevate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, but this effect could be diminished by the treatment of CaN inhibitors (cyclosporin A and FK506). PSG-1-induced interleukin (IL)-2 production was also inhibited by cyclosporin A and FK506. In addition, PSG-1 was found to significantly enhance protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC was involved in induction of NFAT activity by PSG-1, as evidenced by abrogation of NFAT activity by PKC inhibitor calphostin C, which significantly decreased PSG-1-induced IL-2 production. On the basis of these results, we concluded that PSG-1 may induce activation of spleen lymphocytes at least in part via the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway and the PKC/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway cooperatively regulated PSG-1-induced activation of spleen lymphocytes.
Co-reporter:Chuan Li, Shao-Ping Nie, Qiao Ding, Ke-Xue Zhu, Zhi-Jun Wang, Tao Xiong, Joshua Gong, Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Functional Foods 2014 Volume 8() pp:340-347
Publication Date(Web):May 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.031
•L. plantarum NCU116 showed a significant tendency to protect morphology of liver.•L. plantarum NCU116 had the potential ability to regulate lipid metabolism levels.•Effect of cholesterol-lowering may relate to expression of LDL receptor and CYP7A1.The cholesterol-lowering effect of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) NCU116 on lipid metabolism of rats fed on a high fat diet was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal diet (ND) group, a high fat diet (HFD) group, HFD plus L. plantarum NCU116 groups with two different doses (NCU116-L, 108 colony forming units (CFU)/mL; NCU116-H, 109 CFU/mL). After treatment for 5 weeks, L. plantarum NCU116 had the potential ability to regulate lipid metabolism levels, morphology of liver and adipose tissues. In addition, the bacterium significantly improved gene expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). These results suggest that L. plantarum NCU116 was able to alter lipid metabolism and reduce the cholesterol level, in particular, in the rats on a high fat diet through regulating gene expression of key factors relating to LDL receptor and CYP7A1.
Co-reporter:Chuan Li, Shao-Ping Nie, Ke-Xue Zhu, Qiao Ding, Chang Li, Tao Xiong and Ming-Yong Xie
Food & Function 2014 vol. 5(Issue 12) pp:3216-3223
Publication Date(Web):22 Sep 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4FO00549J
The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 on liver function, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in rats with high fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was studied. The rats were divided into four groups: the normal diet (ND) group; the high fat diet (HFD) group; and HFD plus L. plantarum NCU116 as two doses (NCU116-L, 108 CFU mL−1; NCU116-H, 109 CFU mL−1) groups. Treatment of L. plantarum NCU116 for 5 weeks was found to restore liver function and oxidative stress in rats with NAFLD, and decrease the levels of fat accumulation in the liver. In addition, the bacterium significantly reduced endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines, and regulated bacterial flora in the colon and the expression of lipid metabolism in the liver. These results suggest that possible underlying mechanisms for the beneficial effect of L. plantarum NCU116 on NAFLD may include two pathways of downregulating lipogenesis and upregulating lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation related gene expression.
Co-reporter:Chuan Li, Qiao Ding, Shao-Ping Nie, Yan-Song Zhang, Tao Xiong, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014 Volume 62(Issue 49) pp:11884-11891
Publication Date(Web):October 22, 2014
DOI:10.1021/jf503681r
The effect of carrot juice fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 on high-fat and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes in rats was studied. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: non-diabetes mellitus (NDM), untreated diabetes mellitus (DM), DM plus L. plantarum NCU116 (NCU), DM plus fermented carrot juice with L. plantarum NCU116 (FCJ), and DM plus non-fermented carrot juice (NFCJ). Treatments of NCU and FCJ for 5 weeks were found to favorably regulate blood glucose, hormones, and lipid metabolism in the diabetic rats, accompanied by an increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the colon. In addition, NCU and FCJ had restored the antioxidant capacity and morphology of the pancreas and kidney and upregulated mRNA of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). These results have for the first time demonstrated that L. plantarum NCU116 and the fermented carrot juice had the potential ability to ameliorate type 2 diabetes in rats.
Co-reporter:Xiao-Juan Hu;Ming-Yong Xie;Felix M. Kluxen;Patrick Diel
Archives of Toxicology 2014 Volume 88( Issue 3) pp:625-635
Publication Date(Web):2014 March
DOI:10.1007/s00204-013-1184-4
The function of genistein (GEN) on tumor prevention and tumor promotion is discussed controversially. A possible interference of GEN with chemotherapy has been only rarely addressed so far. In this study, effects of GEN on the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin (CIS) were investigated in the presence and absence of estradiol (10−10 M) in MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cells were treated with graded concentrations of GEN (10−4–10−6 M), E2, CIS and combinations. Cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis were determined as well as the expression level of PCNA, Ki67 and BCL-2 family members. CIS and GEN 10−4 M inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 and HT-29 cells in the presence and absence of E2. Co-treatment with CIS and 10−4M GEN resulted in additive effects. In concentrations of 10−5 and 10−6 M, GEN stimulated cell growth in MCF-7 cells. It promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and counteracted the anti-tumor activity of CIS in MCF-7 and HT-29 cells. Particularly the ability of CIS to induce apoptosis was antagonized. In ER alpha-positive MCF-7 cells, but not in ER alpha-negative HT-29 cells, E2 was able to neutralize the anti-CIS effects of GEN. Our data provide evidence that GEN in the absence of E2, a situation which occurs in postmenopausal women, directly affects the anti-tumor activity of cytostatic drugs like CIS. The exact molecular mechanism has to be investigated in future studies.
Co-reporter:Jian-Hua Xie, Ming-Yue Shen, Shao-Ping Nie, Xin Liu, Jun-Yi Yin, Dan-Fei Huang, Hui Zhang, Ming-Yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 94(Issue 1) pp:216-220
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.072
The contents of 18 kinds of mineral elements in Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide samples were determined by ICP-AES. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method for 18 elements were in the range of 0.01–3.80 mg/kg. The average recoveries obtained by the standard addition method were found between 94.34% and 105.69% (RSD, 1.01–4.23%). The results showed that C. paliurus polysaccharides were abundant in major and trace elements which are healthy for human body. The contents of Ca, Al, Mg, K, Fe, Mn and P were very high, ranging from 274.5 ± 10.3 to 5980.0 ± 102.7 mg/kg, while the contents of Zn, Na, Se, Cr, Pb, Cu and As ranged from 0.9 ± 0.1 to 37.1 ± 4.2 mg/kg. Finally, the levels of Ni, Cd, V and Co were not detected in the samples. ICP-AES is a simple, precise and efficient method for the determination of many mineral elements in polysaccharide samples simultaneously.Highlights► ICP-AES for mineral elements determination in polysaccharide was proposed. ► Good values of LOD, repeatability, reproducibility and recoveries are achieved. ► ICP-AES is a rapid and simple method to determine mineral elements in polysaccharide.
Co-reporter:Jie-Lun Hu, Shao-Ping Nie, Ming-Yong Xie
Food Chemistry 2013 Volume 138(Issue 4) pp:2338-2345
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.016
Physiological properties of homogenized and non-homogenized polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L., including antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, were compared in this study. High pressure homogenization decreased particle size of the polysaccharide, and changed the surface topography from large flake-like structure to smaller porous chips. FT-IR showed that high pressure homogenization did not alter the primary structure of the polysaccharide. However, high pressure homogenization increased antioxidant capacity of the polysaccharide, evaluated by 4 antioxidant capacity assays (hydroxyl radical-scavenging, superoxide radical-scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH)-scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition). Additionally, the production of total SCFA, propionic acid and n-butyric acid in ceca and colons of mice significantly increased after dieting supplementation with homogenized polysaccharide. These results showed that high pressure homogenization treatment could be a promising approach for the production of value-added polysaccharides in the food industry.Highlights► High pressure homogenization decreased the particle size of polysaccharide. ► High pressure homogenization changed the surface topography of polysaccharide. ► Antioxidant capacity of the polysaccharide was improved after homogenization. ► SCFA production of the polysaccharide was increased after homogenization.
Co-reporter:Shenshen Zhang, Shaoping Nie, Danfei Huang, Wenjuan Li, Mingyong Xie
Food Chemistry 2013 Volume 136(3–4) pp:1213-1219
Publication Date(Web):1–15 February 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.090
Ganoderma atrum has attracted great attention for its antitumor activity. However, the mechanism remains unclear. A G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) showed pronounced antitumor activity in this study. PSG-1 did not kill CT26 cells directly, but inhibited the proliferation of CT26 cells via the activation of peritoneal macrophages (MΦ). In vivo, PSG-1 significantly suppressed the tumor growth in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. The treatment caused a significant increase in the immune organ index and the phagocytosis of macrophages. The production of TNF-α, IL-1β and nitric oxide also increased. Furthermore, we found that PSG-1 acted on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, signaled through p38 MAPK pathway, then activated NF-κB and stimulated TNF-α production. We further found that PSG-1 increased the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, the degradation of IκBα and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. In summary, we have demonstrated that PSG-1 could activate macrophages via TLR4-dependent signaling pathways, improve immunity and inhibit tumor growth.Highlights► We examine the Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide antitumor activity in vitro. ► G. atrum polysaccharide suppressed the tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. ► G. atrum polysaccharide could activated NF-κB and stimulated TNF-α production. ► G. atrum polysaccharide could improve immunity and inhibit tumor growth.
Co-reporter:Jie-Lun Hu, Shao-Ping Nie, Fang-Fang Min, Ming-Yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 92(Issue 2) pp:1143-1150
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.072
The saliva, gastric and intestinal digestion of polysaccharide from Plantago asiatica L. seeds was investigated in vitro. It was found that salivary amylase had no effect on the polysaccharide; however, the polysaccharide was influenced in later gastrointestinal digestion. A steady decrease in molecular weight (Mw) of the polysaccharide from 1903.1 ± 93.0 to 4.7 ± 0.2 kDa was observed as digestion time increased. Meanwhile, the reducing ends were increased from 0.157 ± 0.009 to 0.622 ± 0.026 mM, indicating the decrease of Mw may due to the breakdown of glycosidic bonds. In addition, there was no monosaccharide released throughout the whole digestion period, suggesting that the gastrointestinal digestion did not result in a production of free monosaccharide. These results may provide some information on the digestion of polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. in vitro, and may contribute to the methods of studying the digestion of other carbohydrates.Highlights► Saliva, gastric and intestinal digestion of polysaccharide was studied in vitro. ► Salivary amylase had no effect on the polysaccharide. ► Polysaccharide molecular weight decrease was found in gastrointestinal digestion. ► Reducing ends increased but no monosaccharide released during the digestion. ► Polysaccharide molecular weight decrease may due to breakdown of glycosidic bonds.
Co-reporter:Shenshen Zhang, Shaoping Nie, Danfei Huang, Jianqin Huang, Yawei Wang, and Mingyong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2013 Volume 61(Issue 15) pp:3676-3682
Publication Date(Web):March 20, 2013
DOI:10.1021/jf4004225
Ganoderma atrum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. In this study, the antitumor activity of a novel G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) was investigated in vitro and in vivo using S180 tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that PSG-1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of S180 via the activation of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. PSG-1-primed macrophages exhibited a higher tumoricidal activity than untreated macrophages. Administration of PSG-1 significantly inhibited the growth of transplantable sarcoma S180-bearing mice and increased macrophage phagocytosis and the levels of cytokines and nitride oxide. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in the membrane was markedly increased in PSG-1-treated groups, suggesting that it may be a possible receptor for PSG-1. PSG-1 also promoted the translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus and the degradation of IκBα. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in macrophages was improved by PSG-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, it is suggested that PSG-1 may elicit its antitumor effect by improving immune system functions through TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Co-reporter:Shaoping Nie, Steve W. Cui, Mingyong Xie, Aled O. Phillips, Glyn O. Phillips
Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2013 Volume 1(Issue 1) pp:38-52
Publication Date(Web):January 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.bcdf.2012.12.002
Polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis have demonstrable bioactivities such as antioxidation, anti-tumor, immunological properties etc. This paper will describe methods used to extract, isolate, purify and characterize polysaccharides which are obtained from C. sinensis and review progress in elucidating their structure and related bioactivity.Highlights► Isolation and purification of polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis. ► Structural features of polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis. ► Polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis demonstrable bioactivities.
Co-reporter:Jianhua Liu;Yousheng Huang;Yinggang Tian
European Food Research and Technology 2013 Volume 237( Issue 2) pp:253-263
Publication Date(Web):2013 August
DOI:10.1007/s00217-013-1987-9
Papain-treated Black-bone silky fowl (BSF) muscle hydrolysate was subjected to 6 kDa cutoff membrane ultrafiltration, and the resulting BSF peptides (<6 kDa) were purified by two-step reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular weight (MW) distribution and amino acid composition were investigated for characterization of the BSF peptides. The results showed that the major amino acids of BSF peptides were Glu, Tyr, Lys, Asp, Leu, Ala, Thr and Pro, and the MW was from 281 to 7,982 Da. BSF peptides exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity. At 10 mg/mL, they displayed more powerful \( {\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - } \), DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activity and reducing power than carnosine. The peptide fraction 8 with more hydrophilicity revealed stronger \( {\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - } \) and ABTS·+ scavenging activity and reducing power than BSF peptides and carnosine. Besides, a peptide, separated from fraction 8 and showed the strongest antioxidant capacity, was purified and identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS to be Glu-Pro-Asp-Arg-Tyr (678 Da).
Co-reporter:Hui Zhang, Wen-Juan Li, Shao-Ping Nie, Yi Chen, Yuan-Xing Wang, Ming-Yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 88(Issue 3) pp:1047-1054
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.061
The structure of a novel bioactive polysaccharide fraction from Ganoderma atrum (PSG-1) was characterised by methylation analysis and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sugar analysis revealed that PSG-1 was composed of glucose (Glc), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal) and galacturonic acid (GalA) in molar ratio of 4.91:1:1.28:0.71. Methylation and GC–MS analysis indicated that the main linkage type was 1,3-linked-Glcp (21.08%), followed by T-Glcp (18.68%), 1,3,6-Glcp (12.97%), 1,4-Galp (12.70%), 1,6-Glcp (12.33%), 1,2-Manp (8.06%), 1,4-GalpA (6.15%), 1,4-Manp (4.55%) and 1,4,6-Glcp (3.24%). Combined the methylation analysis results with 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, a preliminary structure of PSG-1 was proposed as follows:Figure optionsHighlights► A novel polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum (PSG-1) was extracted and purified. ► Structure of PSG-1 was reported by using methylation and NMR spectroscopy. ► PSG-1 was mainly composed of Glc, Gal, Man and GalA (4.91:1:1.28:0.71). ► PSG-1 was a heteropolysaccharide comprised a backbone of 1,3- and 1,6-Glcp branched at O-3 and O-6 position.
Co-reporter:Junyi Yin, Huixia Lin, Jing Li, Yuanxing Wang, Steve W. Cui, Shaoping Nie, Mingyong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 87(Issue 4) pp:2416-2424
Publication Date(Web):1 March 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.009
In this paper, polysaccharides were extracted from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. with hot water and separated into three fractions PLP-1 (18.9%), PLP-2 (52.6%) and PLP-3 (28.5%) by Sephacryl™ S-400 HR column chomatography. The main fraction PLP-2's structure was elucidated using oxalic acid hydrolysis, partial acid hydrolysis, methylation, GC, GC–MS, 1D and 2D NMR. PLP-2 was composed of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc and Gal, in a molar ratio of 0.05:1.00:1.90:0.05:0.06:0.10. Its uronic acid was GlcA. PLP-2 was highly branched heteroxylan which consisted of a β-1,4-linked Xylp backbone with side chains attached to O-2 or O-3. The side chains consisted of β-T-linked Xylp, α-T-linked Araf, α-T-linked GlcAp, β-Xylp-(1 → 3)-α-Araf and α-Araf-(1 → 3)-β-Xylp, etc. Based on these results, the structure of PLP-2 was proposed.Highlights► Polysaccharides from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. were separated into PLP-1, PLP-2 and PLP-3. ► PLP-2 was composed of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc and Gal (0.05:1.00:1.90:0.05:0.06:0.10). ► PLP-2 was highly branched heteroxylan which consisted of a β-1,4-linked Xylp backbone. ► The structure for PLP-2 was proposed.
Co-reporter:Jian-Hua Xie, Ming-Yue Shen, Ming-Yong Xie, Shao-Ping Nie, Yi Chen, Chang Li, Dan-Fei Huang, Yuan-Xing Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 89(Issue 1) pp:177-184
Publication Date(Web):5 June 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.068
Recently, renewed interest has grown in the use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction as an alternative approach to the traditional extraction methods. In this study, this novel extraction method was used to isolate polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for the extraction of polysaccharides were determined to be the ratio of liquid to solid of 8, extraction time of 59 min and extraction temperature of 58 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of polysaccharides obtained was 4.91 ± 0.11%, which was well matched with the value predicted by the model. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the polysaccharides exhibited strong DPPH radicals (92.09% at 0.25 mg/ml) and self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol (37.22% at 1 mg/ml) scavenging activities, moderate hydroxyl radicals (43.18% at 1 mg/ml) scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect (31.66% at 1 mg/ml). In addition, the polysaccharides showed moderate antimicrobial activity.Highlights► Ultrasonic technology was used for polysaccharides extraction from C. paliurus. ► C. paliurus polysaccharide showed good antioxidant properties in vitro assays. ► C. paliurus polysaccharide demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity in vitro. ► C. paliurus polysaccharide can be explored as a novel natural antioxidant.
Co-reporter:Jun-Yi Yin, Ben Chung-Lap Chan, Hua Yu, Iris Yuen-Kam Lau, Xiao-Qiang Han, Sau-Wan Cheng, Chun-Kwok Wong, Clara Bik-San Lau, Ming-Yong Xie, Kwok-Pui Fung, Ping-Chung Leung, Quan-Bin Han
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 87(Issue 1) pp:667-675
Publication Date(Web):4 January 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.045
A water soluble polysaccharide (RAP) was isolated and purified from Radix Astragali and its structure was elucidated by monosaccharide composition, partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, and further supported by FT-IR, GC–MS and 1H and 13C NMR spectra, SEM and AFM microscopy. Its average molecular weight was 1334 kDa. It was composed of Rha, Ara, Glc, Gal and GalA in a molar ratio of 0.03:1.00:0.27:0.36:0.30. The backbone consisted of 1,2,4-linked Rhap, α-1,4-linked Glcp, α-1,4-linked GalAp6Me, β-1,3,6-linked Galp, with branched at O-4 of the 1,2,4-linked Rhap and O-3 or O-4 of β-1,3,6-linked Galp. The side chains mainly consisted of α-T-Araf and α-1,5-linked Araf with O-3 as branching points, having trace Glc and Gal. The terminal residues were T-linked Araf, T-linked Glcp and T-linked Galp. Morphology analysis showed that RAP took random coil feature. RAP exhibited significant immunomodulating effects by stimulating the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhancing its interleukin production.Highlights► The major polysaccharide of Radix Astragali was purified and elucidated, by chemical and spectral analysis, to be a hyperbranched heteroglycan. ► Morphology analysis showed that it took random coil feature. ► It exhibited promising immunomodulating effects by stimulating the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhancing its interleukin production.
Co-reporter:Jun-Yi Yin, Zhi-Hong Jiang, Hua Yu, Ming-Yong Xie, Wen-Luan Hsiao, Ai-Ping Lu, Quan-Bin Han
Journal of Chromatography A 2012 Volume 1262() pp:92-97
Publication Date(Web):2 November 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.099
Polysaccharide's purification remains challenge to separation technology. Conventional methods involve time-consuming and complicated operations and always cause significant variation in the isolates’ chemistry. This paper reports an aqueous diphase solvent system, namely PEG1000–MgSO4–H2O, which succeeded in one-step CCC separation of a polysaccharide (43 mg) from the water extract (1.67 g) of Radix Astragali. The solvent composition was set as 12:16:72 (w/w/w) of which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min in a 1000 mL column. The purified polysaccharide bears an average molecular weight of 1095 kDa and consists of galacturonic acid (76.5%), galactose (7.7%), arabinose (4.2%) and glucose (5.0%). Methylation analysis result showed it was composed of 58.4% of 1,4-linked Glcp, 11.8% of T-linked Araf, 10.5% of T-linked Glcp, 9.1% of 1,4,6-linked Galp and 5.1% of 1,3,6-linked Galp, etc. This success shows a short way between the crude water extract and purified polysaccharides, which minimizes the chemical variation caused by purification methods.Highlights► Aqueous diphase solvent PEG–MgSO4–H2O was optimized by a L9(34) orthogonal test. ► And succeeded in one-step CCC separation of Radix Astragali polysaccharide. ► Preparation of natural polysaccharides was greatly simplified. ► This new method minimizes the chemical variation caused by conventional methods.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Mingyong Xie, Hui Zhang, Yuanxing Wang, Shaoping Nie, Chang Li
Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 135(Issue 1) pp:268-275
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.089
Two chemometrics, the partial least-squares (PLS) and radial basis function (RBF) network were performed to develop a quantification method for total polysaccharides and triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma atrum from different origins based on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). The influences of spectral window and spectral pre-treatments were initially studied in the construction of PLS model. The best result was obtained when the standard normal transformation (SNV) +1st derivative spectrum over 4100–7750 cm−1 was used for the modelling. Then based on each principle, both of the two models were optimised respectively. The final results with high determination coefficient (R2) (higher than 0.973, 0.989 for PLS and RBF, respectively) and low root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) (low to 0.1109 and 0.01298 for polysaccharides and triterpenoids, respectively) confirm the good predictability of the two models. The overall results show that NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be efficiently utilised for accurate analysis of routine chemical compositions in G. lucidum and G. atrum.Highlights► NIR spectroscopy was attempted to quantify the main compositions in Ganderma. ► Two quantification models, PLS and RBF network, were optimised respectively. ► Final results confirm the good predictability of the two models.
Co-reporter:Jun-Yi Yin, Hui-Xia Lin, Shao-Ping Nie, Steve W. Cui, Ming-Yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 88(Issue 4) pp:1395-1401
Publication Date(Web):16 May 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.025
PLP-3 (Plantago asiatica L. polysaccharide 3) was isolated and purified from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. Its structure characters were elucidated by monosaccharide composition analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, combined with FT-IR, GC/MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. PLP-3 was found to be arabinoxylan, containing glucuronic acid. It was consisted of β-1,4-linked Xylp backbone with short side chains attached to its O-2 (1,2,4-linked Xylp, 17.87%) or O-3 (1,3,4-linked Xylp, 24.24%) positions. The main terminal residues were T-linked Araf (8.13%), T-linked Xylp (15.58%) and T-linked GlcAp (13.22%). Small amounts of other residues were also found in PLP-3, such as 1,2,5-linked Araf, 1,2-linked Rhap, T-linked Glcp and T-linked Galp. A possible molecular structure was proposed.Highlights► Polysaccharide (PLP-3) from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. was highly branched arabinoxylan, containing glucuronic acid. ► PLP-3 had β-1,4-linked Xylp backbone, branching at its O-2 (17.87%) or O-3 (24.24%) positions. ► The main terminal residues were T-linked Xylp, T-linked Araf and T-linked GlcAp.
Co-reporter:Jun-Yi Yin, Shao-Ping Nie, Jing Li, Chang Li, Steve W. Cui, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 60(Issue 32) pp:7981-7987
Publication Date(Web):July 19, 2012
DOI:10.1021/jf302052t
The present study aimed at investigating the mechanism of interactions between calcium and the psyllium polysaccharide. Plantago asiatica L. crude polysaccharide (PLCP) was subjected to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to yield calcium-depleted polysaccharide named PLCP-E. There was essentially no difference in the structure between PLCP-E and PLCP. However, PLCP-E exhibited a much lower apparent viscosity compared to that of PLCP. PLCP was treated with sodium hydroxide to deplete ferulic acid. The resultant material was named PLCP-FAS, which also exhibited lower viscosity. Adding Ca2+ could both increase apparent viscosity of PLCP-E and PLCP-FAS, but only PLCP-E could keep the high viscosity when dialysis was carried out to remove free Ca2+ in the solution. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polysaccharide was reduced after EDTA chelation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that PLCP-E was flaky and curly aggregation, while PLCP was mostly filamentous in appearance. The results suggested that there are strong interactions between Ca2+ and the polysaccharide. The interactions contributed to the high viscosity, weak gelling property, and thermal stability of the polysaccharide.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Wolfgang Bicker, JunYan Wu, Mingyong Xie, and Wolfgang Lindner
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 60(Issue 17) pp:4243-4252
Publication Date(Web):April 14, 2012
DOI:10.1021/jf300076j
In order to develop a simple, efficient, and sensitive method for comprehensive analysis of the nucleosides and nucleobases in natural products, a zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) method for the simultaneous determination of 16 nucleosides and nucleobases has been studied. A mechanistic study confirmed that ZIC-HILIC separation showed a mixed-mode effect of both hydrophilic and electrostatic interactions. This method was validated to be precise, accurate, and sensitive with overall precision (intra- and interday) less than 1.8% (RSD), and LOD and LOQ was in the range of 0.005–0.029 μg/mL and 0.018–0.096 μg/mL, respectively. With this method, the nucleosides and nucleobases in Ganoderma of different species (G. atrum, G. lucidum, and G. sinense) and origins were quantified. The results showed that the contents varied with the species and origins. With the aid of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), cultivated Ganoderma from different origins and species were successfully discriminated. It is for the first time that the content of nucleosides and nucleobases in G. atrum is reported and compared. Our data showed that HILIC had advantages as a useful and potential tool for the study of the bioactive components in Ganoderma as well as their quality control, and could therefore be used for the determination of the analytes in other natural products.
Co-reporter:Wen-Juan Li, Shao-Ping Nie, Xiao-Ping Peng, Xiao-Zhen Liu, Chang Li, Yi Chen, Jing-En Li, Wan-Rui Song, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 60(Issue 6) pp:1413-1418
Publication Date(Web):January 21, 2012
DOI:10.1021/jf204748a
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether oxidative stress and immune dysfunction could be attenuated by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging mice, and provide evidence for its effects. The results showed that PSG-1 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and spleen, but concomitantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase compared with the d-gal group. Elevation of glutathione contents and attenuation of glutathione disulfide contents were also found in PSG-1-treated animals. Furthermore, the results showed that PSG-1 treatment increased basal lymphocyte proliferation as well as T cell and B cell proliferation and enhanced interleukin-2 production. Taken together, the results suggested that PSG-1 had potential as a novel agent to promote health and improve aging-associated pathologies, at least in part, via modification of the redox system and improvement of immune function.
Co-reporter:Jie-Lun Hu, Shao-Ping Nie, Fang-Fang Min, and Ming-Yong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 60(Issue 46) pp:11525-11532
Publication Date(Web):October 31, 2012
DOI:10.1021/jf302169u
Mice (20.0 ± 2.0 g, n = 48 per group) were given 30 days oral administration of polysaccharide from Plantago asiatica L. seeds at the dose of 0.4 g/kg body weight by gavage to investigate the effects of the polysaccharide on mouse colon. Results showed that the concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids in mouse colonic content of polysaccharide treated group were all significantly higher than that of control group (water) (p < 0.05). In addition, moisture of mouse colonic content of polysaccharide treated group was also notably higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05) indicating the intake of polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. resulted in a stronger water-holding capacity for colonic content throughout the experimental period. Furthermore, a decreased pH (from 7.5 ± 0.1 to 7.2 ± 0.1) was observed in mouse colon of the polysaccharide treated group compared with the control group (pH from 7.5 ± 0.1 to 7.5 ± 0.1). These results suggested that the intake of the polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. might be beneficial for the colon health.
Co-reporter:Chunpeng Wan, Tao Yuan, Mingyong Xie, Navindra P. Seeram
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2012 Volume 44() pp:1-3
Publication Date(Web):October 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2012.04.005
Graphical abstractHighlights► Fourteen phenolics were isolated from the red maple (Acer rubrum) species. ► Ten of these compounds are being reported from A. rubrum for the first time. ► Five of these compounds are being reported from the Aceraceae family for the first time. ► First report of A-type linkage procyanidins and a chalcone from the Aceraceae family.
Co-reporter:Meiyan Yang;Ying Yang;Shaoping Nie
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2012 Volume 89( Issue 5) pp:859-867
Publication Date(Web):2012 May
DOI:10.1007/s11746-011-1974-x
Formation and composition of trans fatty acids (TFA) in corn oil during the frying process at different temperatures was investigated using an improved analytical gas chromatography (GC) method. At temperatures above 180 °C and heating times over 2 h there was a significantly increased TFA content, which increased further at higher temperatures. The amounts of trans C18:1 and trans C18:2 increased from 0.64 and 9.0 to 7.86 and 65.48 mg/g after heating at 260 °C for 12 h, while the total amount of TFA increased from 9.64 to 73.34 mg/g. However, the contents of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid under the same conditions reduced from 460.3 and 7.4 to 209.8 and 1.8 mg/g, respectively. These results show that heating can significantly induce cis to trans isomerization of unsaturated triglycerides, particularly at high temperatures.
Co-reporter:Danfei Huang;Shaoping Nie;Cheng Han;Yiqing Chen
European Food Research and Technology 2012 Volume 235( Issue 6) pp:1023-1032
Publication Date(Web):2012 December
DOI:10.1007/s00217-012-1816-6
Tea glycoprotein (TGP) is a glycoconjugate purified from the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of TGP on dendritic cells. Murine bone marrow cells were cultured with recombinant mouse (rm)GM-CSF and rmIL-4 for 6 days followed by another 2 days in the presence of TGP or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that TGP did not have significant inhibition on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Compared with untreated cells, dendritic cells treated with TGP (50 μg/ml) expressed higher levels of MHC class II molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules such as CD 86, CD 80 and CD 40. However, the endocytic activity was impaired markedly. TGP could enhance the secretion of IL-12p70, but inhibit IL-10 and NO secretion. The activation of antigen-presenting ability and the lymphocyte proliferation of mixed lymphocyte reaction by dendritic cells was also enhanced after treatment with TGP. In addition, an enhanced expression of CCR7 mRNA of dendritic cells treated with TGP was similar to dendritic cells treated with LPS. Taken together, TGP was capable of promoting both phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro, which promises the potential clinical application of TGP.
Co-reporter:Jing-en Li, Shao-ping Nie, Chao Yang, Zeng-hui Qiu, Ming-yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 83(Issue 3) pp:1201-1206
Publication Date(Web):30 January 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.09.022
Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD), was used to optimize the extraction conditions of crude polysaccharides from Herba Moslae. Three independent variables, extraction temperature, extraction time and water to solid ratio were investigated. Based on the RSM analysis, the optimal extraction conditions were determined to be at a temperature 86.9 °C, time 4.1 h and water to solid ratio 17.7:1 (mL/g). The crude polysaccharides produced under these optimal conditions contained 37.84% neutral carbohydrates, 6.14% proteins, 5.18% uronic acids, 8.1% moisture and 4.6% ash. The result of monosaccharide composition by gas chromatography (GC) showed that the crude polysaccharides consisted of eight kinds of monosaccharides: rhamnose, ribose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the molecular ratio of 3.72:2.45:0.92:6.00:2.76:5.09:13.53:9.58. Results of pinocytic activity and nitric oxide assays of mouse peritoneal macrophage suggested that the crude polysaccharides had potential immunomodulatory properties.
Co-reporter:Jian-Hua Xie, Ming-Yue Shen, Shao-Ping Nie, Chang Li, Ming-Yong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 84(Issue 1) pp:255-261
Publication Date(Web):11 February 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.030
An advanced oxidation process, ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation was used for the decolorization of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja polysaccharides (CPP). The effects of main operating parameters including initial concentration of CPP solution, dosages of H2O2, temperature, pH and ultrasonic irradiation on the decolorization efficiency of CPP were investigated and the optimum operational conditions of the process were also evaluated. Furthermore, HPLC, Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and NMR spectra methods were applied to analyze the components and structure changes of CPP. Results showed that ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation process represented good decolorizing ability on CPP. The optimum operational conditions were determined as follows: concentrations of the polysaccharide solution, 0.5 mg/ml; H2O2, 0.623 mM; temperature, 40 °C; pH, 9.0. Under these conditions, the decolorization efficiency was reached to 84.1%. The results of HPLC, FT-IR and NMR analysis indicated that ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation process did not result in any significant change in the structure of CPP.
Co-reporter:Wen-Juan Li;Yi Chen;Shao-Ping Nie;Ming-Yong Xie;Ming He;Shen-Shen Zhang;Ke-Xue Zhu
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2011 Volume 112( Issue 3) pp:860-871
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/jcb.22993
Abstract
Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1), the major active ingredient isolated from Ganoderma atrum, has been suggested as a candidate for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-tumor effect of PSG-1 using sarcoma 180 (S-180) transplanted mice and further to examine the molecular mechanisms of PSG-1-induced anti-tumor effect. Results showed that PSG-1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in S-180-bearing mice. PSG-1-induced tumor apoptosis was associated with the alteration of Bcl-2 family proteins, increase of reactive oxygen species generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol, and activation of caspase-3 and -9. Elevation of immune function was also shown during PSG-1-induced tumor apoptosis, as evidenced by increase of spleen and thymus indexes, lymphocyte proliferation, concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-2 in serum. Furthermore, the combined treatment of PSG-1 and cyclophosphamide (CTX) results in an enhancement of the anti-tumor effect of CTX alone via increased host immune response. These results suggested that PSG-1 had a potent anti-tumor activity by induction of tumor apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways, and immunoenhancement effect of PSG-1 was related to its anti-tumor effect. In addition, PSG-1 enhanced CTX-induced anti-tumor activity in S-180-bearing mice. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 860–871, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Co-reporter:Wenjuan Li, Shaoping Nie, Yi Chen, YuanXing Wang, Chang Li, and Mingyong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011 Volume 59(Issue 8) pp:3707-3716
Publication Date(Web):March 7, 2011
DOI:10.1021/jf1049497
The aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced antitumor effect in sarcoma 180 (S-180)-bearing mice. Results showed that both CTX and PSG-1 delayed tumor growth and resulted in tumor apoptosis. The combined regimen was superior to either modality alone. Moreover, the combined treatment-induced apoptosis was mediated via mitochondrial pathway, as evidenced by alterations of Bcl-2 family proteins, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), cytochrome c release, and caspases activation. Our results also showed that thymus and spleen indexes, lymphocytes proliferation, and concentrations of cytokine in the CTX group were decreased, which were alleviated by PSG-1. Additionally, the combined treatment ameliorated oxidative stress as compared with CTX alone. Taken together, we conclude that PSG-1 improved the antitumor effect of CTX, possibly in part mediated by enhancing the induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways, activating host immune function, and modifying the redox system in S-180-bearing mice.
Co-reporter:Jian-Hua Xie, Ming-Yong Xie, Shao-Ping Nie, Ming-Yue Shen, Yuan-Xing Wang, Chang Li
Food Chemistry 2010 Volume 119(Issue 4) pp:1626-1632
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.055
A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the water extract of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, which is a well-known native health tea in China. This polysaccharide was named as CPP-1. The molecular weight of CPP-1 was determined by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, with an average molecular weight of about 1167 kDa. The analysis of monosaccharide composition in the polysaccharide by gas chromatography revealed that it was a heteropolysaccharide and consisted of d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-glucose, d-galactose, l-rhamnose and d-mannose in a molar ratio of 1.00:9.67:9.65:4.96:3.29:2.70. Furthermore, CPP-1 contains 8.44% of protein and 17 general amino acids, and it is rich in glutamic acid, asparagic acid, leucine, glycine, arginine, tyrosine and alanine. The antioxidant activity of CPP-1 was also evaluated. It was found that CPP-1 exerted significant scavenging effects on DPPH radicals with a value of around 91.4%, compared to the reference controls of BHT (91.2%) and ascorbic acid (98.9%) at a concentration of 400 μg/ml, and with EC50 values of 52.3 μg/ml.
Co-reporter:Wei Liu, Zhao-Qin Zhang, Cheng-Mei Liu, Ming-Yong Xie, Zong-Cai Tu, Jian-Hua Liu, Rui-Hong Liang
Food Chemistry 2010 Volume 123(Issue 3) pp:616-621
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.079
Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment of trypsin showed no significant effects with relative activities of 98.5% (80 MPa), 98.3% (100 MPa), 97.8% (120 MPa) and 97% (160 MPa). However, DHPM treatment enhanced the pH and thermal stability of trypsin. After 100 min of incubation at 45 °C, the residual activity of trypsin treated at 80 MPa was still as high as 96% while the untreated trypsin retained only 86% of its original activity. The optimum pH of trypsin maintained surprising consistency (pH = 7.6); nevertheless, the relative activities were about 97%, 102% and 103% at 80, 100 and 120 MPa, respectively. In addition, DHPM-induced conformational changes of trypsin were observed. The unfolding of trypsin, induced by DHPM treatment, was reflected in the increase in maximum emission fluorescence intensity and exposed SH contents, as well as the decrease in total SH contents, UV absorbance and α-helix intensity.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Wolfgang Bicker, JunYan Wu, Ming Yong Xie, Wolfgang Lindner
Journal of Chromatography A 2010 Volume 1217(Issue 8) pp:1255-1265
Publication Date(Web):19 February 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.024
Acetonitrile–water extracts of several Ganoderma species – a mushroom being used in Traditional Chinese Medicine – were analysed by liquid chromatography–UV detection in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase (RP) elution modes. A set of six polar stationary phases was used for HILIC runs. These columns had remarkably different separation properties under binary gradient conditions as evinced by hierarchical cluster analysis on retention patterns of seven test compounds. Complementary measurements of RP chromatograms were carried out on a C18 packing. Injection precision (n = 5) and intra-day precision (n = 5) were each <2.0% RSD (HILIC) and <0.7% RSD (RP) for relative retention times of main characteristic peaks of a sample extract while for relative peak areas RSD values were max. 6.8%. Repetitive analysis (n = 7) of a processed sample stored in the autosampler tray for 48 h was used to confirm within-sequence sample stability. Eleven Ganoderma lucidum samples served as training set for the construction of column-specific simulated mean chromatograms. Validation with twelve samples comprising G. lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma atrum, and Ganoderma tsugae by correlation coefficient based similarity evaluation of peak patterns showed that a discrimination of G. lucidum from other Ganoderma species by means of chromatographic fingerprints is conceptually possible on all columns, except of a bare silica packing. The importance of the combined use of RP and HILIC fingerprints to improve the rate of correct sample classification was demonstrated by the fact that each one G. sinense specimen was wrongly assigned being G. lucidum by all HILIC fingerprints but not the RP fingerprint and vice versa. The present data revealed that (i) the analysis of complex biological materials by quasi orthogonal chromatographic modes such as HILIC and RP may deliver more discriminative information than single-mode approaches which strengthens the reliability of fingerprint-based sample classification and (ii) different retention and selectivity characteristics of polar bonded silica packings in the HILIC elution mode may only have a minor impact on chemometric sample discrimination capabilities in such kind of pattern-oriented metabolomics separation problems.
Co-reporter:Wen-Juan Li;Shao-Ping Nie;Yi Chen;Ming-Yong Xie;Ming He;Qiang Yu;Yan Yan
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2010 Volume 110( Issue 1) pp:191-200
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/jcb.22526
Abstract
It is now well established that oxidative stress plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury. Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1), the most abundant component isolated from G. atrum, has been shown to possess potent antioxidant activity. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of PSG-1 against oxidative stress induced by A/R injury and the possible mechanisms in cardiomyocytes. In this work, primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with PSG-1 were subjected to A/R and subsequently monitored for cell viability by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of cytochrome c, Bcl-2 family, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) proteins, and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were determined by a colorimetric method. The results showed that PSG-1 protected against cell death caused by A/R injury in cardiomyocytes. PSG-1 reduced the A/R-induced ROS generation, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. PSG-1 inhibited the A/R-stimulated activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and alteration of Bcl-2 family proteins. Moreover, PSG-1 significantly increased the protein expression of MnSOD in cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that PSG-1 significantly attenuates A/R-induced oxidative stress and improves cell survival in cardiomyocytes through mitochondrial pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 191–200, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Co-reporter:Wenjuan Li, Shaoping Nie, Mingyong Xie, Yi Chen, Chang Li and Hui Zhang
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010 Volume 58(Issue 16) pp:8977-8982
Publication Date(Web):July 28, 2010
DOI:10.1021/jf101277t
Cardiac injury is a major complication of the oxidative stress-generating anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to play a cardioprotective role in diseases associated with oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate whether EGCG can protect against DOX-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes. The data showed that EGCG protected the cardiomyocytes from DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. EGCG treatment also decreased malondialdehyde content and increased protein expression and activities of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, treatment with EGCG decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis. This study suggests that EGCG could protect cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced oxidative stress by attenuating ROS production, apoptosis, and increasing activities and protein expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
Co-reporter:Meiyan Yang;Shaoping Nie;Jing Li;Hua Xiong;Zeyuan Deng
Lipids 2010 Volume 45( Issue 6) pp:559-565
Publication Date(Web):2010 June
DOI:10.1007/s11745-010-3423-2
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a rapid method of predicting arachidonic acid content in powdered oil without the need for oil extraction. NIR spectra of powdered oil samples were obtained with an NIR spectrometer and correlated with arachidonic acid content determined by a modification of the AOCS Method. Partial Least-Squares regression was applied to calculate models for the prediction of arachidonic acid. The model developed with the raw spectra had the best performance in cross-validation (n = 72) and validation (n = 21) with a correlation coefficient of 0.965, and the root mean square error of cross-validation and prediction were both 0.50. The results show that NIR, a well-established and widely applied technique, can be applied to determine the arachidonic acid content in powdered oil.
Co-reporter:Yong-gang Tu, Ya-zhen Sun, Ying-gang Tian, Ming-yong Xie, Jie Chen
Food Chemistry 2009 Volume 114(Issue 4) pp:1345-1350
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.015
Melanin isolated from the muscles of Taihe Black-bone silky fowl (TBSF) was examined by amino acid analyzer, ICP-AES, UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectrometry, and elemental analyzer. The data obtained indicated that the isolated pigment contained 25% protein and many metal ions, and it was rich in Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn. This pigment mostly consisted of eumelanin. Its spectroscopic and solubility properties were very similar to those of typical melanin. In addition, the antioxidant activities of TBSF melanin were evaluated in vitro by DPPH radical-scavenging assay, superoxide-radical scavenging assay, and lipid peroxidation assay. TBSF melanin exhibited a strong antioxidant activity. This study suggested that the TBSF melanin could potentially be used as a natural antioxidant in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Co-reporter:Wei Liu, Jianhua Liu, Mingyong Xie, Chengmei Liu, Weilin Liu and Jie Wan
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 Volume 57(Issue 12) pp:5376-5380
Publication Date(Web):May 21, 2009
DOI:10.1021/jf9006642
Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) from Chinese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) was characterized using catechol as a substrate. PPO had a Vmax of 289.2 units/min and a Km of 3.8 mmol/L, which indicates that P. pyrifolia Nakai PPO has a great affinity for catechol. The catalyzing reaction velocity was proportional to the PPO concentration. The optimum pH and temperature for PPO activity were 4.5 and 45 °C, respectively. In addition, an investigation was made on the effect of high-pressure microfluidization of treatment pressure, treatment pass, and enzyme solution temperature on P. pyrifolia Nakai PPO. As the treatment pressure increased, the PPO relative activity was elevated from 100% untreated to 182.57% treated at 180 MPa. PPO relative activity was enhanced as the treatment pass increased. PPO solution temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) had a significant effect on PPO relative activity when treated at 120 and 140 MPa.
Co-reporter:WenJuan Li, ShaoPing Nie, Qiang Yu and MingYong Xie
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 Volume 57(Issue 15) pp:6685-6691
Publication Date(Web):July 14, 2009
DOI:10.1021/jf901396f
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the induction of apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and further examine the molecular mechanisms of EGCG-induced apoptosis. In the present study, it was observed that EGCG rapidly induced apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma SMMC7721 cells. EGCG-induced apoptosis was in association with the attenuation of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (Δψm), the alteration of Bcl-2 family proteins, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also shown during EGCG-induced apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma SMMC7721 cells. The antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly reduced ROS production and EGCG-induced apoptosis, suggesting that ROS plays a key role in EGCG-induced apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma SMMC7721 cells. In summary, EGCG-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways, and ROS affected EGCG-induced apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma SMMC7721 cells.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen;Ming-Yong Xie;Yuan-Xing Wang;Shao-Ping Nie ;Chang Li
Phytochemical Analysis 2009 Volume 20( Issue 6) pp:503-510
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pca.1153
Abstract
Introduction – Ganoderma, one of the best-known traditional Chinese medicines, has attracted considerable attention owing to the fact that dozens of polysaccharides isolated from it have shown diverse and potentially significant pharmacological activities. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of Ganoderma atrum yet.
Objective – To develop a simple and sensitive GC-based method for the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum.
Methodology – The polysaccharide was first hydrolysed to give the constituent monosaccharides, which were subsequently derived into acetylated aldononitriles and analysed by gas chromatography using a capillary column packed with a (5%phenyl) methylpolysiloxane stationary phase with the addition of acetyl inositol as the inner standard. High-performance liquid chromatography was also used for comparison.
Results – The stable derivatives of the most common monosaccharides could be separated and reproducibly determined with high sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.013 and 0.043 mg/mL, respectively. The intermediary precision values (expressed as the RSD) were less than 10%. The mean recovery of the method was 100 ± 3%, with RSD values of less than 5%. The results obtained from GC and HPLC methods were found to be close to each other within acceptable error ranges.
Conclusion – This study demonstrated that the developed method could be applied as an accurate method for the compositional analysis of monosaccharides in the field of biological and biochemical study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Ming-Yong Xie, Yan Yan, Shang-Bin Zhu, Shao-Ping Nie, Chang Li, Yuan-Xing Wang, Xiao-Feng Gong
Analytica Chimica Acta 2008 Volume 618(Issue 2) pp:121-130
Publication Date(Web):23 June 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.055
A rapid and nondestructive near infrared (NIR) method combined with chemometrics was used to discriminate Ganoderma lucidum according to cultivation area. Raw, first, and second derivative NIR spectra were compared to develop a robust classification rule. The chemical properties of G. lucidum samples were also investigated to find out the difference between samples from six varied origins. It could be found that the amount of polysaccharides and triterpenoid saponins in G. lucidum samples was considerably different based on cultivation area. These differences make NIR spectroscopic method viable. Principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant partial least-squares (DPLS) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to classify the geographical origins of those samples. The results showed that excellent classification could be obtained after optimizing spectral pre-treatment. For the discriminating of samples from three different provinces, DPLS provided 100% correct classifications. Moreover, for samples from six different locations, the correct classifications of the calibration as well as the validation data set were 96.6% using the DA method after the SNV first derivative spectral pre-treatment. Overall, NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using pattern recognition was shown to have significant potential as a rapid and accurate method for the identification of herbal medicines.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Shang-Bin Zhu, Ming-Yong Xie, Shao-Ping Nie, Wei Liu, Chang Li, Xiao-Feng Gong, Yuan-Xing Wang
Analytica Chimica Acta 2008 Volume 623(Issue 2) pp:146-156
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.018
In this paper, the feasibility and advantages of employing high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fingerprints combined with chemometrics methods for quality control of the cultured fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum were investigated and demonstrated for the first time. In order to compare the HPLC fingerprints chromatograms between G. lucidum from different origins, the similarities of all the 60 samples and relative peak areas of 19 characteristic compounds were firstly calculated respectively. Then different pattern recognition procedures, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were applied to classify the G. lucidum samples according to their cultivated origins. Consistent results were obtained to show that G. lucidum samples could be successfully grouped in accordance with the province of origin. Furthermore, four marker constituents were screened out to be the most discriminant variables, which could be applied to accurate discrimination and quality control of G. lucidum by quantitative analysis. Finally, the chemical properties of those samples were also investigated to find out the differences of quality between them. Ranked in decreasing order, the quality of the G. lucidum can be arranged as Jinzhai/Huangshan, Shandong followed by Zhejiang samples. Our results revealed that the developed method has potential perspective for the original discrimination and quality control of G. lucidum.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Ming-Yong Xie, Shao-Ping Nie, Chang Li, Yuan-Xing Wang
Food Chemistry 2008 Volume 107(Issue 1) pp:231-241
Publication Date(Web):1 March 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.021
A water-soluble protein-bound polysaccharide was extracted from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum and isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. Its primary structural features and molecular weight were characterized by infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, amino acid analyzer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data obtained indicated that the glycoprotein contains 10.1% of protein and 17 general amino acids and it is rich in glutamic acid, asparagic acid, alanine, glycine, threonine, and serine. It was mainly composed of mannose, galactose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1:1.28:4.91, with an average molecular weight of about 1013 kDa. The existence of an O-glycosidic linkage in PSG-1 (polysaccharide1) was demonstrated by a β-elimination reaction. The antioxidant activity of the purified polysaccharides was evaluated in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol assay. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants vitamin C and BHT. It was found that the scavenging effects of the purified polysaccharides increased with measuring concentration. The results indicated that the purified polysaccharides showed strong DPPH free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. This study suggested that the purified polysaccharides could potentially be used as natural antioxidants.
Co-reporter:Junhui Chen, Mingyong Xie, Zhihong Fu, Frank Sen-Chun Lee, Xiaoru Wang
Microchemical Journal 2007 Volume 85(Issue 2) pp:201-208
Publication Date(Web):April 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2006.05.007
A HPLC fingerprinting method based on the distribution and contents of seven major ginsenosides has been developed for the quality evaluation of Panax quinquefolium. L roots cultivated in China, Singapore and Canada. The method is ideally suited for the fingerprinting of P. quinquefolium. L samples or its derived products for sample authentication or quality control, e.g. pharmaceutical stability studies. Different extraction methods have been evaluated and a protocol established to maximize the gensinosides yields in routine operations. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the fingerprints demonstrates that the distribution and contents of ginsenosides in P. quinquefolium. L root vary depending on geographic location; and the quality of Jilin-cultivated P. quinquefolium. L roots is similar in composition to Canada-cultivated ones, which are generally considered among the best quality in P. quinquefolium. L.
Co-reporter:Shaoping Nie;Peng Zhou;Shuwen Cao
European Food Research and Technology 2007 Volume 224( Issue 4) pp:437-442
Publication Date(Web):2007 February
DOI:10.1007/s00217-006-0324-y
In this paper, the antioxidative and anticancer activities of tea glycoprotein (TGP) in green tea were studied. TGP was extracted from coarse old green tea and purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and its purity was determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The antioxidative activity of the TGP was evaluated by determining the change of the values of the heat-induced oxidation in a linoleic acid system with β-carotene, the decoloration of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the superoxide generated from autoxidation of pyrogallol. The results show that the TGP possesses distinctive antioxidative activity. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of the TGP at different concentrations was evaluated by the MTT assay using two kinds of colon cancer cell lines (HCT-15, Caco-2). Dose-dependently TGP exhibited good antiproliferation activity to HCT-15, whereas exhibited very weak antiproliferation activity to Caco-2. Only at a very high concentration (409.6 μmol L−1), the TGP obviously inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2. Whether there is a correlation between the antioxidative and the anticancer activity of the TGP, should be studied further.
Co-reporter:Yinggang Tian;Weiya Wang
European Food Research and Technology 2007 Volume 226( Issue 1-2) pp:
Publication Date(Web):2007 November
DOI:10.1007/s00217-006-0528-1
Black-Bone Silky Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) is both consumed as a healthy food and used particularly as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. Carnosine in the muscles of Black-Bone Silky Fowl was identified by HPLC–MS/PAD. The carnosine content in the meat of Black-Bone Silky Fowl was determined by HPLC and compared with that contained in the meat of White Plymouth Rock, which were bred under the same condition. The results showed that the contents of carnosine in the mixed meat, breast meat and thigh meat of Black-Bone Silky Fowl were all remarkably higher than that in the White Plymouth Rock. These findings indicate that Black-Bone Silky Fowl would be a better chicken breed for carnosine supplement.
Co-reporter:Le-Ming Jiang, Shao-Ping Nie, Hua-Lu Zhou, Dan-Fei Huang, Ming-Yong Xie
International Immunopharmacology (October 2014) Volume 22(Issue 2) pp:324-331
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.027
•Carboxymethylated PLCP enhances the expression of surface molecules of DCs.•Carboxymethylated PLCP enhances the stimulatory capacity of MLR of DCs.•Carboxymethylated PLCP stimulates the secretion of IL-12p70 cytokine of DCs.•Carboxymethylated PLCP induces the mRNA synthesis of chemokine receptors of DCs.•Carboxymethylated polysaccharides can be used as immunotherapeutic adjuvant.Carboxymethylation is a well-known modification process for polysaccharides. To evaluate the biological availability of carboxymethyl, polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. (PLCP) was carboxymethylated (CM-PLCP) and the immunomodulatory activities of five CM-PLCPs of gradient degree of substitution (DS) from 0.40 to 0.62 were determined on dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Compared with DCs treated with PLCP, DCs treated with CM-PLCP of DS0.50, DS0.55, DS0.62, as well as CD86 and CD80, expressed higher levels of MHCII, CD86 and CD80 surface molecules. In addition, the secretion of IL-12p70 and the mRNA of CCR7 and CXCR4 chemokines were increased, while the endocytosis activities were inhibited. Correspondingly, stronger mixed lymphocyte reactions were induced by the DCs treated with the CM-PLCPs. The results showed that carboxymethylation modification of relevant high DS can enhance the DC maturation-inducing function of PLCP, indicating the potential application of carboxymethylated polysaccharide as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant.Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Jing-En Li, Shao-Ping Nie, Ming-Yong Xie, Dan-Fei Huang, Yu-Ting Wang, Chang Li
International Immunopharmacology (October 2013) Volume 17(Issue 2) pp:267-274
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.033
•MP was isolated from jiangxiangru and its composition was studied.•MP was able to overcome the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression.•It significantly raised the T-AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH-PX level.•It also raised the spleen and thymus indices.•It decreased the MDA level in immunosuppressed mice.Polysaccharide MP was isolated from Mosla chinensis Maxim cv. jiangxiangru. It was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 5.364:12.260:3.448:12.260:32.567:30.651, with 11.00% ± 0.24% uronic acid and 9.046% ± 0.04% protein. Its antioxidant activity on the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice was investigated. The spleen and the thymus indices were investigated, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated in three organs (liver, heart and kidney). MP was able to overcome the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and can significantly raise the T-AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH-PX level. It also raised the spleen and thymus indices and decreased the MDA level in mice. MP could play an important role during the prevention process of oxidative damage in immunological system.Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Shaoping Nie, Jungen Huang, Jielun Hu, Yanan Zhang, ... Mingyong Xie
Food Science and Human Wellness (June 2013) Volume 2(Issue 2) pp:87-92
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.fshw.2013.05.001
Furan (C4H4O) has been classified as a possible animal and human carcinogen by many international agencies. The formation of furan in three sugar–glycine models using glucose, fructose, and sucrose was investigated using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry method (HS-GC–MS) with various dual combinations of three important heat processing conditions, i.e. pH, temperature, and heating time. Results indicated that furan levels from sugar–glycine model systems during the thermal processing can be attributed to selective sugar types, pH, temperature, and heating time. In glucose–glycine and fructose–glycine system, the lowest furan level was detected in acid condition but in sucrose–glycine system furan formed significantly lower (P < 0.05) in acidic conditions the lowest furan level was found in alkaline conditions. The furan levels were observed to increase with heating time in all three model systems. Furthermore, less furan was generated in non-reducing sugar system (sucrose) than in reducing sugar system (glucose and fructose). Therefore, they demonstrate the possibility of limiting the formation of furan in heat processed foods by both the careful selection of carbohydrates (i.e. non-reducing sugars and reducing sugars) ingredients and appropriate processing conditions.
Co-reporter:Wen-Ya Zheng, Shao-Ping Nie, Wen-Juan Li, Xiao-Juan Hu, Ming-Yong Xie
Food Bioscience (June 2013) Volume 2() pp:15-23
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2013.03.005
•Gen and Que increased cell viability in MCF-7 cells, either with or without E2.•Gen and Que with E2 induced inhibition of cell apoptosis.•Gen and Que with E2 promoted cell distribution to G2 and S phases.•ER and PI3K/Akt pathways were activated after treatment cells with Gen and Que.•The activation of Akt may occur downstream of the ERα activation.Flavonoids are plant-derived compounds which exert estrogenic activities and have potential to interfere cell growth in estrogen-dependent cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of two widespread flavonoids, genistein and quercetin, on cell proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We found that both flavonoids significantly increased cell viability, either in presence or in absence of 17β-estradiol (E2). The proliferation effect was noticeably reduced by fulvestrant, an antiestrogen, and by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Western blot analysis confirmed that estrogen receptor (ER) and PI3K/Akt pathways were activated after treatment with these two flavonoids. The results also suggested that the activation of Akt may occur downstream of the ERα activation. The present study might open new perspectives of the action of flavonoids, and suggested that flavonoids could stimulate cell proliferation and trigger estrogenic responses, in part mediated by ER and PI3K/Akt pathways in MCF-7 cells.
Co-reporter:Yi Chen, Ming-Yong Xie, Xiao-Feng Gong
Journal of Food Engineering (July 2007) Volume 81(Issue 1) pp:162-170
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.10.018
In this paper, a method of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was for the first time used to extract total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum, which have been reported to have several medicinal properties and uses. The extracts were directly determined by colorimetric method without any further treatment. Compared with shaking extraction method, heat reflux extraction, supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) and normal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), MAE only need 5 min to give the highest yield of triterpenoid saponins at 0.968%, while the other extraction methods need several hours or even more than 10 h and give lower yield. Several factors affecting the MAE extraction rate were also discussed, such as extraction time, temperature, ratio of solvent to material and the kind of solvents. Optimal conditions of MAE can be concluded as follows: 5 min at 90 °C, the ratio of solvent to material is 25 by using 95% ethanol as the solvent.
Co-reporter:Danfei Huang, Shaoping Nie, Leming Jiang, Mingyong Xie
International Immunopharmacology (February 2014) Volume 18(Issue 2) pp:236-243
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.024
•The phenotypic and functional maturation of PLP to dendritic cells were studied.•Anti-TLR4 antibodies were added to the cells prior to PLP treatment.•PLP may induce dendritic cells maturation through TLR4.In this study, we investigated the effect of a polysaccharide purified from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. (PLP-2) on the phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and relevant mechanisms. The results showed that PLP-2 increased the expression of maturation markers major histocompatibility complex II, CD86, CD80, and CD40 on DCs. Consistent with the changes in the phenotypic markers, functional assay for DCs maturation showed that PLP-2 decreased DCs endocytosis and increased intracellular interleukin (IL)-12 levels and allostimulatory activity. Furthermore, using a syngeneic T cell activation model, we found that PLP-2 treated DCs presented ovalbumin antigen to T cells more efficiently as demonstrated by increased T cell proliferation. In addition, the effects of PLP-2 on DCs were significantly impaired by treating the cells with anti-TLR4 antibody prior to PLP-2 treatment, implying direct interaction between PLP-2 and TLR4 on cell surface. These results suggested that PLP-2 may induce DCs maturation through TLR4. Our results may have important implications for our understanding on the molecular mechanisms of immunopotentiating action of the polysaccharides from plants.
Co-reporter:Qiang Yu, Shao-Ping Nie, Jun-Qiao Wang, Peng-Fei Yin, Wen-Juan Li, Ming-Yong Xie
International Immunopharmacology (December 2012) Volume 14(Issue 4) pp:362-368
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.005
The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the macrophage activation by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) and elucidate the molecular mechanism of PSG-1-induced signal transduction in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion. Our results illustrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were simultaneously activated and involved in PSG-1-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, our results also demonstrated that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was stimulated and played an important role in the PSG-1 induced TNF-α secretion. Additionally, the present study showed that nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by PSG-1 was triggered by PI3K/Akt/MAPK pathway and NF-κB participated in PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α production. In conclusion, we have elucidated the mechanism of PSG-1-mediated immunomodulatory activities, and provide a theoretical basis for the potential of PSG-1 as a novel immunomodulating agent.Highlights► We elucidated the mechanism of PSG-1-mediated immunomodulatory activities. ► PI3K/Akt/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated by PSG-1 in RAW264.7 cells. ► PI3K/Akt/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in PSG-1-induced TNF-α secretion. ► Our results show that PSG-1 has the potential as a novel immunomodulating agent.
Co-reporter:Xiaozhen Liu, Shaoping Nie, Yangjie Chen, Danfei Huang, Mingyong Xie
Toxicology (4 December 2014) Volume 326() pp:1-8
Publication Date(Web):4 December 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2014.09.009
•NP41 and NP42 influence expression levels of cell receptors in TM4 cells.•NP41 and NP42 affect expression of BTB-associated elements and inhibin B secretion.•NP41 and NP42 affected MAPK pathway with various degrees in TM4 cells.•Effects of NPs on Sertoli cells may be mediated by cell receptor or MAPK pathway.•Effects of NPs on Sertoli cells were related to the structure of NP isomer.In the present study, experiments were performed to investigate the effects of nonylphenol (NP) isomers (4-[1,2, 4-trimethylhexyl]-phenol (NP41), 4-[1,2, 5-trimethylhexyl]-phenol (NP42)) on Sertoli TM4 cells. NP41 decreased mRNA expression levels of androgen receptor and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 in 20–40 μM (P < 0.05), and increased mRNA levels of estrogen receptor (ER)-α and progesterone receptor in 1–40 μM (P < 0.05). NP42 treatment only evoked significant decrease in mRNA expression levels of ER-α in 20–40 μM (P < 0.05). Similarly, NP41 (1–40 μM) drastically increased the protein expression of ER-α, which was significantly decreased in 20–40 μM NP42 groups (P < 0.01). Both NP41 and NP42 showed no effect on the expression of ER-β. Protein levels of follicle stimulating hormone receptor were increased significantly in high concentrations of NP41 (40 μM) and NP42 (10–40 μM) challenged cells. Furthermore, NP41 and NP42 showed various effects on the expression of junction-associated molecules and inhibin B secretion in TM4 cells. Additionally, activation of JNK1/2 pathway was induced by NP41 and NP42. However, ERK1/2 and p38 pathways were inhibited in TM4 cells exposed to low concentrations of NP41 (0.1–20 μM) and NP42 (0.1–1 μM), and high concentrations of NP41 (40 μM) and NP42 (10–40 μM) resulted in a return of p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 to control levels. We proposed that molecular mechanism of reproductive damage in Sertoli cells induced by NPs may be mediated by cell receptors and/or cell signaling pathways, and the effects may be related to the structure of NP isomer.
Co-reporter:Hui Zhang, Shaoping Nie, Steve W. Cui, Ming Xu, Huihuang Ding, Mingyong Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers (20 February 2017) Volume 158() pp:
Publication Date(Web):20 February 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.088
•PSG-1 was re-purified and the structure was re-elucidated with more evidences.•β-(1 → 3)-glucan was identified as the backbone with branch point at O-6 of glucose.•Long β-(1 → 6)-glucose side chain was proposed.•β-(1 → 4)-GlcA was found in the side chain of PSG-1.The fine structure in terms of backbone and branch chain features of a bioactive polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum (PSG-1) was re-elucidated systematically using high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), methylation and GLC–MS analysis, and 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopy. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that PSG-1-F0.2 fraction mainly consisted of glucose (73.8%) and glucuronic acid (15.3%), with small amount of mannose (5.7%) and galactose (5.2%). Based on methylation, multistep partial acid hydrolysis and NMR study, were proposed to substitute at the O-6 position of β-(1 → 3)-glucan. The small amount of mannose and galactose residues were considered to be from the other fraction in PSG which was very difficult to be separated from PSG-1-F0.2. This revised structure as an acidic β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucan is considered to be more accurate than the previous proposal of PSG-1.
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![(2R,2'R,3S,3'S,4S)-2,2'-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8'-bichroman]-3,3',5,5',7,7'-hexaol](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/23600/23567-23-9_b.png)
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