Co-reporter:Wenbo Zhang;Xianglin Zhai;Tianhao Xiang;Ming Zhou
Journal of Materials Science 2017 Volume 52( Issue 1) pp:73-85
Publication Date(Web):2017 January
DOI:10.1007/s10853-016-0235-7
Flexible porous materials have been widely used as precursors for preparing superhydrophobic oil absorbents due to their high capacity and extraordinary recyclability. A final product with multiple characteristics such as superhydrophobicity, fire retardancy, good elasticity, low cost, and environmental friendliness is highly needed for practical applications. In this study, superhydrophobic melamine sponges (SMSs) with the above characteristics were prepared by modifying melamine sponges with polymethylsilsesquioxane via an immersion method. A villiform layer of organosilane was coated on the surface of the melamine fibers and disclosed by scanning electron microscopy. The superhydrophobicity of the sponge with a water contact angle of 156° is due to the increased surface roughness and methyl terminal groups exposed at the interface. Polycondensation reaction between the secondary amine groups on the raw sponge surface and silanol is identified by ATR-FTIR and EDX spectra. The SMS effectively absorbs various organic solvents and oils from water with excellent absorption rate. In addition, it maintains stable superhydrophobicity in extreme environments, including strong acid/alkali conditions, high/low temperatures, and prolonged immersion in organic solvents. Importantly, the SMS retains the intrinsic fire retardancy of the raw melamine sponge. In simulating oil spill environments, the SMS shows good performance in blocking spread of crude oil spill and separating surfactant-free water-in-oil emulsions. These advantages make it a promising material for oily wastewater treatment and oil spill clean-ups.
Co-reporter:Ming Zhang, Jian Li, Deli Zang, Yun Lu, Zhengxin Gao, Junyou Shi, Chengyu Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2016 Volume 137() pp:264-270
Publication Date(Web):10 February 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.087
•The fabrication route is simple, facile and cost-effective.•The treated textiles exhibit excellent superhydrophobicity and UV-shielding property.•This cotton displays an outstanding potency in oil reclaim.•This cotton textile possesses an outstanding durability.•This cotton textile would find practical and diversified applications.Here we report a simple, facile and low-cost approach to the cotton textile with significant properties. After treatment, the cotton textiles exhibit not only an excellent superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle (WCA) of 151.5o, but also an efficient shielding property against UV with the transmittance under 2.0%. More importantly, this cotton displays an outstanding potency in oil reclaim, which can recycle oil from the waste water with oil stain efficiently. Apparently, our results suggest an innovative material that should find practical and diversified applications, particularly in the field of oil spill cleanup.
Co-reporter:Deli Zang;Ming Zhang;Feng Liu
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2016 Volume 91( Issue 9) pp:2449-2456
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/jctb.4834
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In recent years, superhydrophobic and superoleophilic materials have attracted great interest and have been applied to the removal of oil contaminants from water. The combined effect of hierarchical coarse structure and low surface free energy is essential for the acquisition of superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. In the present study, a facile, low-cost, fluorine-free and eco-friendly method is proposed for the development of superhydrophobic/superoleophilic corn straw fibers via conventional impregnation to realize the removal of oil from water.
RESULTS
The simultaneous performances of superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity of the product were attributed to the covalent deposition of hollow spherical zinc oxide (ZnO) particles on the surface of fibers and subsequent hydrophobic modification using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMOS). In addition, the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic performances of as-prepared corn straw remained in complex conditions of corrosive solution and long-time storage. The absorption capacity of superhydrophobic/superoleophilic corn straw for crude oil was 20.4 g g−1, demonstrating high uptake capacity.
CONCLUSION
The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic corn straw fibers possessed excellent stability and enhanced absorption capacity. The as-prepared product could be widely used as an oil sorbent for oil/water separation. This study provided evidence for the better utilization of waste corn straw in the field of oil spills cleanup. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Co-reporter:Wenbo Zhang;Feng Liu;Guoxiang Liu;Wentao Gan;Ming Zhang;Hui Yu;Xin Di;Yazhou Wang
Advanced Materials Interfaces 2016 Volume 3( Issue 14) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/admi.201600100
Co-reporter:Ming Zhou, Deli Zang, Xianglin Zhai, Zhengxin Gao, Wenbo Zhang, Chengyu Wang
Ceramics International 2016 Volume 42(Issue 9) pp:10704-10710
Publication Date(Web):July 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.188
Abstract
This paper presents an effective method to fabricate highly porous zinc oxide (ZnO) derived from different wood templates, where the microstructure features of wood template were well reproduced in the final product. Biomorphic ZnO was fabricated via the sol–gel method by the infiltration of the precursor sol into the wood template and the sintering of wood template at high temperature under air atmosphere. Many characterization methods such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pore size analyzer detection were used to investigate the crystalline phase and microstructure of the product as well as the pore size of biomorphic ZnO. In our work, highly porous ZnO derived from different wood templates had been prepared. The relevant results revealed that the specie of wood template and sintering temperature played vital roles in the pore size, specific surface area and pore volume of the product.
Co-reporter:Zhengxin Gao, Xianglin Zhai, Feng Liu, Ming Zhang, Deli Zang, Chengyu Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 Volume 128() pp:24-31
Publication Date(Web):5 September 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.014
•Super-hydrophobic filter paper was prepared by a simple but effective impregnation method.•The super-hydrophobic filter paper has a high efficiency in water–oil separation.•After ultraviolet irradiation, the super-hydrophobicity of as-prepared filter paper remained.•Titanium dioxide was bonded with epoxy resin by coupling agent, which makes the structure extremely stable.A composite filter paper with super-hydrophobicity was obtained by adhering micro/nano structure of amorphous titanium dioxide on the filter paper surface with modifying low surface energy material. By virtue of the coupling agent, which plays an important part in bonding amorphous titanium dioxide and epoxy resin, the structure of super-hydrophobic thin film on the filter paper surface is extremely stable. The microstructure of super-hydrophobic filter paper was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the images showed that the as-prepared filter paper was covered with uniform amorphous titanium dioxide particles, generating a roughness structure on the filter paper surface. The super-hydrophobic performance of the filter paper was characterized by water contact angle measurements. The observations showed that the wettability of filter paper samples transformed from super-hydrophilicity to super-hydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 153 ± 1°. Some experiments were also designed to test the effect of water–oil separation and UV-resistant by the super-hydrophobic filter paper. The prepared super-hydrophobic filter paper worked efficiently and simply in water–oil separation as well as enduringly in anti-UV property after the experiments. This method offers an opportunity to the practical applications of the super-hydrophobic filter paper.
Co-reporter:Zhengxin Gao, Miaolian Ma, Xianglin Zhai, Ming Zhang, Deli Zang and Chengyu Wang
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 79) pp:63978-63984
Publication Date(Web):13 Jul 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA04000K
A superhydrophobic wood surface with a water contact angle of 155° and a sliding angle of 4° was made by attaching stearic acid modified micro-/nano-composite particles made of titanium dioxide coated calcium carbonate. According to tests, the as-prepared wood surface had an outstanding chemical stability and durability.
Co-reporter:Zhengxin Gao, Xianglin Zhai, Chengyu Wang
Applied Surface Science 2015 Volume 359() pp:209-214
Publication Date(Web):30 December 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.246
Highlights
- •
The superhydrophobic wood was prepared by an effective method with simple immersion and pipetting steps.
- •
The superhydrophobic wood shows fast thermo-response wettability transition between superhydrophobicity and hydrophilicity.
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The modified wood surface is stable to the corrosive liquids.
Co-reporter:Feng Liu, Miaolian Ma, Deli Zang, Zhengxin Gao, Chengyu Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 103() pp:480-487
Publication Date(Web):15 March 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.022
•The wettability of cotton has been transformed from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic.•The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic cotton prepared in this study could absorb various common oils and organic solvents while repelling water completely.•The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic cotton shows good reusability in oil/water separation cycle.•The superhydrophobic/superoleophilic cotton, spun into cloth, could be used in the oil/water separation filter system.Cotton with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties had been successfully fabricated for application in the field of oil/water separation by the combination of SiO2 nanoparticles on cotton fiber surface and subsequent octadecyltrichlorosilane modification. The as-prepared cotton could be used to selectively absorb various common oils and organic solvents up to above 50 times of its own weight while repelling water completely. The absorbed oils were easily collected by a simple vacuum filtration, and the recovered cotton could be reused for several cycles while still keeping high absorption capacity. Moreover, the as-prepared cotton was simply spun into cloth, which not only could be tailored to the water-repellent clothing but also could be used in the oil/water separation filter system. The results presented in this work might provide a simple, low-cost and environment friendly approach for application in the field of water/oil separation.
Co-reporter:Ming Zhang, Chengyu Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 96(Issue 2) pp:396-402
Publication Date(Web):25 July 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.025
•The fabrication route is simple and facile.•The wettability of cotton fabric has been transformed from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic.•Superhydrophobic cotton was obtained by a method of covalent deposition and fluorination.•Superhydrophobic cotton showed the extraordinary durability and flame retardancy.•This cotton contributes to accelerate the development of textiles materials for practical purposes.A simple and facile method for fabricating the cotton fabric with superhydrophobicity and flame retardancy is described in the present work. The cotton fabric with the maximal WCA of 160° has been prepared by the covalent deposition of amino-silica nanospheres and the further graft with (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl) trimethoxysilane. The geometric microstructure of silica spheres was measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cotton textiles before and after treatment were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting behavior of cotton samples was investigated by water contact angle measurement. Moreover, diverse performances of superhydrophobic cotton textiles have been evaluated as well. The results exhibited the outstanding superhydrophobicity, excellent waterproofing durability and flame retardancy of the cotton fabric after treatment, offering a good opportunity to accelerate the large-scale production of superhydrophobic textiles materials for new industrial applications.
Co-reporter:Ming Zhang, Chengyu Wang, Shuliang Wang, Jian Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 97(Issue 1) pp:59-64
Publication Date(Web):14 August 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.118
•Superhydrophobic cotton textile was fabricated by a simple and novel method.•Superhydrophobic film with modified-ZnO and PS has been fabricated on cotton surface.•Wettability of cotton has been transformed from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic.•The treated cotton textiles displayed a remarkable chemical stability.•The surperhydrophobic textiles showed an excellent property in water–oil separation.In the present study, we are so excited to report a simple drop-coating method for fabricating the superhydrophobic cotton textiles which can remove the water in oil (or the oil in water). It is confirmed that the superhydrophobic composite thin film containing modified-ZnO nanoparticles and polystyren (PS) has been successfully fabricated on the cotton textiles surface by a single-step procedure, and the superhydrophobic cotton textiles displays an excellent property in water–oil separation which is rarely put forward and studied. The static water contact angle on the superhydrophobic cotton sample surface arranges from 153° to 155°, and stays almost the same after exposure to ambient air or immersion in the corrosive liquids and oil, indicating the considerable range of potential applications for the superhydrophobic cotton textiles fabricated by this simple method.
Co-reporter:Ming Zhang;Yang Xu;Shu-liang Wang;Jun-you Shi
Journal of Forestry Research 2013 Volume 24( Issue 4) pp:741-746
Publication Date(Web):2013 December
DOI:10.1007/s11676-013-0413-2
We improved the overall performance of fast-growing poplar by utilizing a low-cost, effective and simple method. The fast-growing poplar was modified by a vacuum-pressure impregnation method with three types of modification solutions composed of phenol-melamine-formaldehyde (PMF) co-condensed resin, diatomite, and 3-aminopropyl (diethoxy) methylsilane. We measured the weight percent gain (WPG), bulking, leaching, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water-repellent effectiveness (WRE), and oxygen index of the modified specimens. All of the wood physical properties, which are beneficial for human uses, were significantly improved by the treatment. We improved various characteristics of wood and the oxygen index of poplar above 48.6% after the modification using diatomite and PMF co-condensed resin.
Co-reporter:Shuliang Wang, Chengyu Wang, Changyu Liu, Ming Zhang, Hua Ma, Jian Li
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2012 Volume 403() pp:29-34
Publication Date(Web):5 June 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.051
The superhydrophobic spherical-like α-FeOOH films on the wood surface was obtained from ferric sulfate and urea by a hydrothermal reaction process followed by a self-assembly of Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer. The microstructure, chemical state and composition of the products were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy disperse X-ray analysis (EDX). The hydrophobic property of the treated samples was described by static water contact angles (CAs) and sliding water contact angles (SA) measurement. The stability under ambient condition and durability for corrosive liquid of the surperhydrophobic samples were also investigated in this paper. An analytical characterization revealed that the spherical-like α-FeOOH films with micro–nano structure uniformly deposited on the wood surface and OTS molecules combined with α-FeOOH films. The water contact angle of the as-prepared samples reached as high as 158° and the sliding angle was about 4°. The prepared superhydrophobic wood surface still maintained the superhydrophobic property when stored under ambient condition for 3 months or immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution of pH 12 and a hydrochloric acid solution of pH 2 for 2 h at room temperature.Graphical abstractThe superhydrophobic wood surface was obtained by the combination of spherical-like α-FeOOH particles creating high roughness and OTS monolayer lowing surface energy. The water contact angle of the superhydrophobic wood surface reached the maximum of 158 (and the sliding angle was less than 4).Highlights► The superhydrophobic wood surface was obtained by a hydrothermal reaction process. ► The wood surface has been transformed from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. ► Morphology of α-FeOOH particles depends on duration of hydrothermal reaction process. ► The superhydrophobic wood surface showed good stability in air and corrosive liquid. ► The superhydrophobic treatment may contribute to enlarge the use of wood resource.
Co-reporter:Shuliang Wang, Junyou Shi, Changyu Liu, Cheng Xie, Chengyu Wang
Applied Surface Science 2011 Volume 257(Issue 22) pp:9362-9365
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.089
Abstract
A layer of lamellar superhydrophobic coating was fabricated on a wood surface through a wet chemical process. The superhydrophobic property of the wood surface was measured by contact angle (CA) measurements. The microstructure and chemical composition of the superhydrophobic coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). An analytical characterization revealed that the microscale roughness of the lamellar particles was uniformly distributed on the wood surface and that a zinc stearate monolayer (with the hydrophobic groups oriented outward) formed on the ZnO surface as the result of the reaction between stearic acid and ZnO. This process transformed the wood surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic: the water contact angle of the surface was 151°, and the sliding angle was less than 5°.
Co-reporter:Changyu Liu, Shuliang Wang, Junyou Shi, Chengyu Wang
Applied Surface Science 2011 Volume 258(Issue 2) pp:761-765
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.08.077
Abstract
Superhydrophobic wood surfaces were fabricated from potassium methyl siliconate (PMS) through a convenient solution-immersion method. The reaction involves a hydrogen bond assembly and a polycondensation process. The silanol was formed by reacting PMS aqueous solution with CO2, which was assembled on the wood surface via hydrogen bonds with the wood surface –OH groups. The polymethylsilsesquioxane coating was obtained through the polycondensation reaction of the hydroxyl between wood and silanol. The morphology of products were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface chemical composition was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry (TGA) and contact angle measurement. Analytical results revealed that rough protuberances uniformly covered the wood surface, thus transforming the wood surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. The water contact angle of the superhydrophobic wood surface was about 153° and a sliding angle was 4.6°.
Co-reporter:Shuliang Wang, Changyu Liu, Guochao Liu, Ming Zhang, Jian Li, Chengyu Wang
Applied Surface Science 2011 Volume 258(Issue 2) pp:806-810
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.08.100
Abstract
The superhydrophobic wood surface was fabricated via a sol–gel process followed by a fluorination treatment of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H- perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes (POTS) reagent. The crystallization type of silica nanoparticles on wood surface was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the microstructure and chemical composition of the superhydrophobic wood surface were described by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the bonding force between the silica nanoparticles and POTS reagent was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the superhydrophobic property of the treated sample was measured by contact angle (CA) measurements. An analytical characterization revealed that nanoscale silica spheres stacked uniformly over the wood surface, and with the combination of the high surface roughness of silica nanoparticles and the low surface free energy film of POTS on wood surface, the wood surface has turned its wetting property from hydrophilic into superhydrophobic with a water contact angle of 164° and sliding angle less than 3°.
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang, Cheng Piao, Xianglin Zhai, F. Neal Hickman, Jian Li
Powder Technology 2010 Volume 198(Issue 1) pp:131-134
Publication Date(Web):20 February 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.10.026
A carbonation route for the synthesis of hydrophobic calcium carbonate was studied. In the process, dodecanoic acid was used as an organic substrate to induce the nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate particles were produced by means of carbonation of the mixture of calcium hydroxide and dodecanoic acid by bubbling CO2/N2 gas mixture. The operating parameters such as temperature and the concentration of the organic substrate were varied to study their influences on the active ratio and contact angle of calcium carbonate particles. The morphology of the calcium carbonate particles was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synthesized calcium carbonate particles in the presence of the organic substrate are rod-like and ellipse-like particles. The polymorphs were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD).This figure shows the sessile drop profiles, on the calcium carbonate pellets produced from powders obtained in the (a) absence and (b) presence of dodecanoic acid during the in situ preparation process. From the contrast of the pictures we know that via the molecular recognition, the hydrophobic tail outward changed the surface property of calcium carbonate particles, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang, Cheng Piao, Xianglin Zhai, F. Neal Hickman, Jian Li
Powder Technology 2010 Volume 199(Issue 2) pp:202
Publication Date(Web):23 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2010.01.001
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang, Cheng Piao, Xianglin Zhai, F. Neal Hickman, Jian Li
Powder Technology 2010 Volume 200(1–2) pp:84-86
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2010.02.016
In this paper, we present a novel and simple synthetic method for the preparation of super-hydrophobic lamellar vaterite. The crystallization of vaterite was conducted by the reaction of sodium carbonate with calcium chloride in the presence of oleic acid and heptadecafluorodecyl-trimethoxysilane (FAS-17). The resulting products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurements. The results revealed that oleic acid and FAS-17 play an important role in determining the structure and morphology of the sample. We also demonstrate in situ surface modification of the particles. The contact angle of the modified vaterite reached 152°.Contact angle measurement of CaCO3 obtained (a) in the absence of organic additive (b) in the presence of oleic acid and (c) in the presence of oleic acid and FAS-17.A novel and simple synthetic method for the preparation of super-hydrophobic lamellar vaterite has been developed. The crystallization of vaterite was conducted by the reaction of sodium carbonate with calcium chloride in the presence of oleic acid and heptadecafluo rodecyl-trimethoxysilane (FAS-17). The contact angle of the final modified CaCO3 using FAS-17 was 152°, so the super hydrophobic CaCO3 was prepared in this study.
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang, Yang Xu, Yalan Liu, Jian Li
Materials Science and Engineering: C 2009 29(3) pp: 843-846
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2008.07.021
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang
Materials Letters 2008 Volume 62(Issue 16) pp:2377-2380
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.12.020
Two metastable calcium carbonate polymorphs, rod-like aragonite and spherical vaterite are selectively formed in this study. Aragonite rods were synthesized from a calcium acetate (Ca(AC)2) and urea (CO(NH2)2) solution under a given condition. In contrast, the addition of polyacrylamide (PAM) and oleic acid results in the formation of spherical vaterite. The morphology, size and crystal structure were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that PAM and oleic acid can be used as additives to select the polymorph from aragonite and vaterite. The contact angle of the modified products reached 112.49°. We have succeeded in surface modification of particles in situ at the same time.
Co-reporter:Chengyu Wang, Cheng Piao, Xianglin Zhai, F. Neal Hickman, Jian Li
Powder Technology (20 February 2010) Volume 198(Issue 1) pp:131-134
Publication Date(Web):20 February 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.10.026
A carbonation route for the synthesis of hydrophobic calcium carbonate was studied. In the process, dodecanoic acid was used as an organic substrate to induce the nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate particles were produced by means of carbonation of the mixture of calcium hydroxide and dodecanoic acid by bubbling CO2/N2 gas mixture. The operating parameters such as temperature and the concentration of the organic substrate were varied to study their influences on the active ratio and contact angle of calcium carbonate particles. The morphology of the calcium carbonate particles was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synthesized calcium carbonate particles in the presence of the organic substrate are rod-like and ellipse-like particles. The polymorphs were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD).This figure shows the sessile drop profiles, on the calcium carbonate pellets produced from powders obtained in the (a) absence and (b) presence of dodecanoic acid during the in situ preparation process. From the contrast of the pictures we know that via the molecular recognition, the hydrophobic tail outward changed the surface property of calcium carbonate particles, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Xiao-Wei Guo, Cai-Hong Hao, Cheng-Yu Wang, Sarina Sarina, Xiao-Ning Guo and Xiang-Yun Guo
Catalysis Science & Technology (2011-Present) 2016 - vol. 6(Issue 21) pp:NaN7743-7743
Publication Date(Web):2016/09/06
DOI:10.1039/C6CY01322H
Pd nanoparticles supported on carbon nanocoils (Pd/CNCs) show unexpectedly high photocatalytic activity for coupling reaction of aryl halides and alkenes (Heck reaction) at 40 °C. The energetic electrons in Pd nanoparticles, excited via interband transitions under visible light irradiation, can transfer to halogen atoms to facilitate the cleavage of carbon–halogen bonds in aryl halides, which requires rather high temperature in the thermal process. Then, the final products can be fast achieved by alkene insertion and β-hydrogen elimination processes.
![Poly[oxy(1-oxo-1,6-hexanediyl)]](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/25300/25248-42-4.png)
![Poly[oxy(1-oxo-1,6-hexanediyl)]](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/25300/25248-42-4_b.png)
