Co-reporter:Defeng Zou, Xiaohui Li, Xingxing Pang, Hairong Zheng, Yanqi Ge
Optics Communications 2017 Volume 401(Volume 401) pp:
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2017.05.023
•Analytical formulas for a single Hollow-sinh Gaussian(HsG) beam is derived.•Propagation of a single HsG beam is simulated numerically.•Interaction of two HsG beams are investigated.•The results of two HsG beams were compared to the single ones.•The propagation dynamics of HsG beams are revealed.
Based on the Collins integral formula, the analytical expression for a hollow sinh-Gaussian (HsG) beam propagating through the quadratic-index medium is derived. The propagation properties of a single HsG beam and their interactions have been studied in detail with numerical examples. The results show that inhomogeneity can support self-repeating intensity distributions of HsG beams. With high-ordered beam order n, HsG beams could maintain their initial dark hollow distributions for a longer distance. In addition, interference fringes appear at the interactional region. The central intensity is a prominent peak for two in-phase beams, which is zero for two out-of phase beams. By tuning the initial beam phase shift, the distribution of the fringes can be controlled.
Co-reporter:Wei Gao, Jun Dong, Zhaojin Wang, Zhenglong Zhang, Hairong Zheng
Materials Research Bulletin 2017 Volume 91(Volume 91) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.03.043
Yb3+/Ln3+ co-doped LiYF4 and LiLuF4 microcrystals (MCs) are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The upconversion (UC) luminescence properties of single LiYF4 and LiLuF4:Yb3+/Ln3+ MC are studied by a confocal microscopy setup under NIR 980 nm laser excitation. The single LiLuF4 MC displays stronger UC emission intensity than that of single LiYF4 MC, which is due to the varied site symmetry of the crystal field. The possible UC mechanism, the influence of surface properties and excitation positions on the UC luminescence emission are also investigated. Investigating the luminescence properties of a single particle can effectively avoid environmental influence, achieve selective targeting excitation, and provide precise information for studying the luminescence mechanism of Ln3+ ions.Download high-res image (119KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Zhaojin Wang, Chi Wang, Qingyan Han, Gang Wang, Mingdi Zhang, Jing Zhang, Wei Gao, Hairong Zheng
Materials Research Bulletin 2017 Volume 88(Volume 88) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 April 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.12.030
•Single hybrid particle is taken to investigate the luminescence.•Metal enhanced and quenched upconversion luminescence effect are investigated.•Excitation enhancement and emission enhancement are investigated, respectively.Single rare earth doped NaYF4 nanoplate with different size of Ag nanoparticles is designed for the investigation of metal enhanced upconversion luminescence effect. Up to twice enhancement is obtained with big Ag nanoparticles. Luminescence quenching effect is also observed with small Ag nanoparticles. Exploration on the enhancement factors are carried out systematically based on the effect of local field enhancement, the coupling of LSPR with emission band, and even the enhanced far field distribution. It is suggested that the excitation enhancement is the reason for the enhancement at both wavelength. Emission enhancement also took a significant part in the result which is that in the system, the enhancement effect at 540 nm is greater than that at 650 nm.Download high-res image (138KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Jinping LI, Tingting ZHANG, Gangqiang ZHU, ZHENG Hairong
Journal of Rare Earths 2017 Volume 35, Issue 7(Volume 35, Issue 7) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2017
DOI:10.1016/S1002-0721(17)60958-X
CaMoO4:Pr3+/Yb3+ powder was successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples confirmed tetragonal structure and morphology and sizes were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Particles consisted of regular micro-spheres with uniform sizes, the diameter of each sphere lay in the range of 3 to 4 μm. The up-conversion photoluminescence emission and its concentration dependence were investigated under infrared excitation at 980 nm. All the UC micro-particles exhibited the typical blue, green and red emissions. Dominant blue emissions originated from 3P0→3H4 and intense red emissions originated from 3P0→3F2 transitions, and they both belonged to two-photon excitation processes in CaMoO4: Yb3+/Pr3+ powder. The optimum doping concentrations of Pr3+ and Yb3+ for the highest UC luminescence were 0.1 mol.% and 16 mol.%, respectively. The possible up-conversion mechanisms were discussed in detail. It was found that the UC emission could be well controlled from blue to green to white color by adjusting the concentration of Pr3+ ions in CaMoO4:Pr3+/Yb3+ microcrystal. So it is a candidate material for solid-state lasers, biological imaging, solar cells, and optical communications.UC emission spectra of CaMoO4:xPr3+/16 mol.%Yb3+ powder with different Pr3+ concentrations under 980 nm laser excitationDownload high-res image (108KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Qingyan Han, Longxiang Yan, Chengyun Zhang, Mindi Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Hairong Zheng
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2017 Volume 715(Volume 715) pp:
Publication Date(Web):25 August 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.306
•YF3:RE3+ were decorated with Au NPs to form hybrid submicrostructures.•Au@YF3:RE3+ could enable the enhancement on UC luminescence emission of YF3:RE3+.•The local inversion symmetry decreases when Au NPs are introduced to the system.•The better overlap of the emission band with LSPR is important for enhancing light.Orthorhombic phase YF3 submicrostructures doped with Yb3+ and Ho3+ (Eu3+) ions (YF3:RE3+ (RE3+ = Yb3+, Ho3+ (Eu3+)) submicrostructures) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method and decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) to form hybrid submicrostructures. It was found that the attached Au NPs on the surfaces of YF3:RE3+ submicrostructures could generate localized electromagnetic (EM) field with high density, which enable the enhancement of upconversion luminescence emission of YF3:RE3+. The luminescence emission of Eu3+ ion was employed to investigate the local symmetry change of YF3:RE3+ after Au NPs were introduced to the system. The possible mechanism of Au NPs on the luminescence property of doped rare earth (RE) ions was proposed and discussed. These submicrostructures may find potential applications in phosphors and solar cells.
Co-reporter:Mingdi Zhang;Zebin Ren;Jun Dong;Zhaojin Wang;Qinyan Han;Chenyun Zhang
Plasmonics 2017 Volume 12( Issue 6) pp:1841-1845
Publication Date(Web):29 December 2016
DOI:10.1007/s11468-016-0452-6
A two-dimension distributed metallic nanostructure substrate containing two-dimensional array of Au nanorods with different configurations is prepared via a self-assembly method. Enhanced fluorescence emission with assembled substrate is investigated by employing Rhodamine 6G as probe molecule. The experimental observation shows that the prepared nanostructure substrate has strong fluorescence enhancement effect and the enhancement effect critically depends on the configuration of the particle distribution. The study demonstrates that the local electromagnetic field enhancement around the gold nanorod array plays an important role in achieving fluorescence enhancement with the assembled substrate array. This work suggests that the assembled substrate can be considered as a potential candidate for effective enhancement application.
Co-reporter:Zhaojin Wang, Wei Gao, Ruibo Wang, Jun Shao, Qingyan Han, Chi Wang, Jing Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Jun Dong, Hairong Zheng
Materials Research Bulletin 2016 Volume 83() pp:515-521
Publication Date(Web):November 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.06.035
β-NaYF4:Yb,Er@SiO2@Ag core-shell hybrid nanostructures are prepared.Qualitative research the competition between SPCE enhancement and energy transfer.Single core-shell hybrid particle is taken to investigate the luminescence.β-NaYF4:Yb,Er@SiO2@Ag core-shell hybrid nanostructures are prepared and single core-shell hybrid particle is taken to investigate the influence of separation layer on the metal enhanced upconversion luminescence and corresponding mechanism. It is found that the green (4S3/2 ⿿ 4I15/2) and red (4F9/2 ⿿ 4I15/2) emissions of Er3+ increase first and then decrease with the increase of silica shell thickness. The best enhancement is observed at the silica thickness of 12 nm. Time-resolved spectra study shows that the emission enhancement dominates when the silica thickness is 12 nm, which leads to an enhancement factor of 1.28. But the enhancement factor reduces to 0.52 when the silica shell thickness is 5 nm. Here, we define enhancement factor g(ϿF) as g(ϿF)=IF/I0g(ϿF)=IF/I0, IF and I0 are fluorescence intensities of UCNPs with emission enhancement and without plasmon enhancement. The luminescence enhancement is owing to the enhanced emission process rather than the excitation process.
Co-reporter:Qingyan Han, Chengyun Zhang, Wei Gao, Zhihang Han, Tingzhuo Liu, Caixia Li, Zhaojin Wang, Enjie He, Hairong Zheng
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2016 Volume 231() pp:609-614
Publication Date(Web):August 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2016.03.068
Noble metal nanostructures are currently of great interest for their unique plasmonic property and potential applications in catalysis and surface-enhanced spectroscopy. However, the application of plasmonic nanostructures for quantitatively in situ SERS monitoring of the catalytic reaction has been a great challenge for investigators because combining plasmonics with catalysis requires the same kind of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) in two very different size regimes. Herein, We have demonstrated a facile wet chemical method to synthesize Au-Ag alloy plasmonic NPs that could combine the desired plasmonic and catalytic properties with same NPs. The catalytic activity of Au-Ag alloy NPs using the reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is chosen as a model reaction. The signals of the reaction processes are detected and identified through in situ SERS spectroscopy with high sensitivity. The insights gained by current study may serve as a promising and powerful technique for better investigation in the heterogeneous catalysis. Moreover, the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with prepared Au-Ag alloy NPs also provides potential application in sewage treatment.
Co-reporter:Longxiang Yan, Wei Gao, Qinyan Han, Xiaoyi Li, Ruibo Wang, Chengyun Zhang, Mingdi Zhang, Linxiao Wang and Hairong Zheng
CrystEngComm 2015 vol. 17(Issue 43) pp:8242-8247
Publication Date(Web):18 Sep 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5CE01586C
Highly dispersed YF3:Eu3+ architectures with different morphologies are obtained via a low temperature solid-state reaction process by tuning the fluoride source. With increase of the calcination temperature from 400 °C to 1000 °C, the products undergo an obvious matrix transformation from yttrium fluoride to yttrium oxide fluoride, and then to yttrium oxide. The local symmetry of the optically active Eu3+ ions decreases with increase of the calcination temperature at the lower calcination temperature region, and then keeps almost unchanged when the temperature is over 700 °C. Different luminescence properties of the as-prepared YF3:Eu3+ architectures and the products calcinated at different calcination temperatures are observed even for the samples with the same contents. The study may have special significance on the large-scale fabrication of other lanthanide fluoride luminescent materials.
Co-reporter:Zebin Ren, Xiaoyi Li, Jingxia Guo, Ruibo Wang, Yanni Wu, Mingdi Zhang, Caixia Li, Qingyan Han, Jun Dong, Hairong Zheng
Optics Communications 2015 Volume 357() pp:156-160
Publication Date(Web):15 December 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2015.08.071
•Gold and gold/silver nanorods with different surface plasmon resonance are prepared.•Metal enhanced fluorescence with metallic nanorods is investigated in solution.•The metallic nanorods show an obvious enhancement on the fluorescence intensity.•The effect of spectral correlation and nanorods concentration is investigated.Metal enhanced fluorescence of Oxazine720 fluorophore with gold and gold/silver core–shell nanorods is investigated experimentally in aqueous solution system. Metallic nanorods are synthesized for providing proper localized surface plasmon resonance and necessary enhancement to the fluorophore molecule. The experimental observation shows that the fluorescence enhancement increases firstly and then decreases when the concentration of metallic nanorods increases, which is resulted by the competition between enhanced emission and inner-filtering effect. Further investigation with different amounts of metallic nanorods shows that the relationship between metal enhanced fluorescence and spectral correlation strongly depends on the concentration of metallic nanorods.
Co-reporter:E. J. He;M. Moskovits;J. Dong;W. Gao;Q. Y. Han;H. R. Zheng;N. Liu
Plasmonics 2015 Volume 10( Issue 2) pp:357-368
Publication Date(Web):2015 April
DOI:10.1007/s11468-014-9817-x
Hybrid nanostructures composed of rare earth ion-doped lanthanum trifluoride nanocrystals deposited on silica nanospheres (LaF3:Yb3+, Er3+@SiO2) and decorated with varying quantities of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using a simple strategy. Down and upconversion luminescence spectra were recorded. The luminescence dynamics were also recorded following excitation with a 532-nm pulse. Silver loading was found to have a significant effect both on the luminescence intensity and the luminescence decay rate, with the samples with the lowest silver content showing reduced luminescence intensity over silver-free samples, while the samples with large levels of silver loading showed significant luminescence enhancement. The results were successfully (and quantitatively) interpreted in terms of the competition between surface plasmon-induced field enhancement mediated by the Ag nanoparticles and nonradiative energy transfer from the luminescent ions to Ag nanoparticles. By combining the measured luminescence intensity with the luminescence decay rate determined from the dynamics measurements, and with the measured surface plasmon absorption spectra, one could obtain a quantitative and self-consistent understanding of the observed dependence of the green 4S3/2→4I15/2 (~540 nm) and red 4F9/2→4I15/2 (~650) emission bands on the Ag NP metal loading.
Co-reporter:Wei Gao
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2015 Volume 119(Issue 5) pp:2349-2355
Publication Date(Web):January 9, 2015
DOI:10.1021/jp511566h
Co-reporter:Jun Dong;Yanyan Ye;Wenhui Zhang;Zebin Ren;Yiping Huo
Luminescence 2015 Volume 30( Issue 7) pp:1090-1093
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/bio.2863
Abstract
An effective substrate for surface-enhanced fluorescence, which consists of cluster Ag/Au bimetallic nanostructures on a copper surface, was synthesized via a multi-stage galvanic replacement reaction of a Ag cluster in a chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) solution at room temperature. The fabricated silver/gold bimetallic cluster were found to yield large surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) enhancement factors for rhodamine 6G probe molecules deposited on the substrate, and also the fluorescence efficiency is critically dependent on the period of nanostructure growth. With the help of proper control reaction conditions, such as the reaction time, and concentration of reaction solutions, the maximum fluorescence enhanced effect was obtained. Therefore, the bimetallic nanostructure substrate also can be adapted to studies in SEF, which will expand the application of SEF. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co-reporter:Wei Gao, Hairong Zheng, Qingyan Han, Enjie He, Fangqi Gao and Ruibo Wang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 vol. 2(Issue 27) pp:5327-5334
Publication Date(Web):23 Apr 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4TC00585F
In this work, hexagonal phase NaY(Gd0.4)F4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanocrystals were obtained by solvothermal method. The upconversion emission tuning from green to red in NaY(Gd0.4)F4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanocrystals was successfully achieved by replacing Y3+ ions in the nanocrystal structure with Ce3+ ions under 980 nm excitation. The red upconversion emission intensity was enhanced with Ce3+ concentration increasing. The output colors for the samples can be clearly observed in a confocal microscopy setup. It was found that two efficient cross-relaxation processes between Ho3+ and Ce3+ ions had been employed to enhance red emission and suppress green emission. The possible upconversion mechanisms and conversion efficiency between Ho3+ and Ce3+ ions were investigated in detail. In addition, the influence of the matrix and surface properties on the upconversion emission of the samples was also discussed. The red upconversion emission of Yb3+, Ho3+ and Gd3+ codoped nanocrystals in this work will have great potential applications in biological imaging, magnetic resonance imaging agents, and display and anti-counterfeiting applications.
Co-reporter:Wei Gao, Hairong Zheng, Qingyan Han, Enjie He and Ruibo Wang
CrystEngComm 2014 vol. 16(Issue 29) pp:6697-6706
Publication Date(Web):17 Apr 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4CE00627E
Rare earth ion-doped upconversion materials show great potential applications in optical and optoelectronic devices due to their novel optical properties. In this work, the NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+ microrods have been successfully prepared by a hydrothermal method assisted with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Time controlled experiments were carried out and the growth mechanism of dissolution–recrystallization of the microrods is proposed. It is important that the unusual upconversion emission with a candy-like pattern from single NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+ microrods can be detected by confocal microscopy under NIR 980 nm excitation. The influence of the particle number on the UC emission spectra and the overall luminescence color was investigated systematically. We noted that the multicolor emission from the single NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+ microrods can be successfully obtained only by adjusting the excitation strength or the size of the microrods. The present study is of great importance for multicolor tuning of RE-doped NaYF4 nano/micromaterials as well as for understanding the up-mechanism. In addition, the luminescence from single microparticles can provide more precise spectral information on three-dimensional displays and biological labels.
Co-reporter:Jun Dong, Shixian Qu, Hairong Zheng, Zhenglong Zhang, Junna Li, YiPing Huo, Guian Li
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2014 191() pp: 595-599
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2013.09.088
Co-reporter:Wei Gao, Hairong Zheng, Enjie He, Ying Lu, Fangqi Gao
Journal of Luminescence 2014 152() pp: 44-48
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.10.046
Co-reporter:Dangli Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Hairong Zheng, Peng Shi, Long Li and Yawen Ling
Dalton Transactions 2013 vol. 42(Issue 5) pp:1834-1841
Publication Date(Web):26 Oct 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2DT31814H
An innovative route to tune upconversion (UC) emission in β-NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ nanorods through codoping a third rare-earth ion upon continuous wave excitation near 976 nm is reported. The dependence of UC emission on codopant concentration and environment temperature shows that tailored local environment and readjustable depopulation of excited-state ions are responsible for the tuning of UC luminescence. Codopant ions introduce a new distribution of active ions and a modified distance between Tm3+ and Yb3+ ions, making UC systems more sensitive to impurity ions than downconversion systems.
Co-reporter:Enjie He, Hairong Zheng, Wei Gao, Yinxun Tu, Ying Lu, Guian Li
Materials Research Bulletin 2013 48(9) pp: 3505-3512
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.046
Co-reporter:Hairong Zheng, Dangli Gao, Zhenxing Fu, Erkang Wang, Yu Lei, Yu Tuan, Min Cui
Journal of Luminescence 2011 Volume 131(Issue 3) pp:423-428
Publication Date(Web):March 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.09.026
Fluorescence emission of Ln3+ doped nanoparticles is influenced by many factors. Enhancement of fluorescence emission of Ln3+ doped nanoparticles can be achieved either through an external approach or an internal adjustment. The external approaches mainly include application of core/shell configuration and metal or semiconductor nanoparticles. Varying the crystal phase of the nanoparticle or introducing a codopant sensitizer are the internal approaches frequently used to obtain fluorescence enhancement, which are through inner adjustments to change the local structure, local symmetry and interaction with active ions. In the current work, efforts to obtain luminescence enhancement in Ln3+ doped nanoparticles through external or internal approaches are reviewed. The important roles of local symmetry and asymmetric interactions with optically active ions are extensively discussed.Research Highlights► Metallic or semiconductor NPs are effective in Ln3+ in glass medium, but not in Ln3+ doped NPs. ► The core/shell structure with a noble metal or Ln3+ doped material is what should be tried. ► A local asymmetric interaction with Ln3+ is important for achieving fluorescence enhancement.
Co-reporter:Enjie He;Xisheng Zhang ;Shixian Qu
Luminescence 2010 Volume 25( Issue 1) pp:66-70
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/bio.1146
Abstract
Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals were synthesized with hydrothermal technique. Local-field effect on the radiative relaxation rate was studied in the system of Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals immersed in several liquid media. The fluorescence lifetime was measured. It was found that the fluorescence decay presented the characteristics of second-order exponential decay, for which the contribution from the ions inside the nanocrystal and ions at the interface of the nanocrystal were distinguished. Investigating the experimental results with proposed models, we found that the surface effect had to be eliminated. For rare earth doped LaF3 nanocrystals, real-cavity model well explains the influence of surrounding medium on the fluorescence relaxation rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co-reporter:Jun Shao, Zhaojin Wang, Ruibo Wang, Zhihui Liu, Linxiao Wang, Jingxia Guo, Xiaoyi Li, Mingdi Zhang, Chengyun Zhang, Hairong Zheng
Journal of Solid State Chemistry (May 2017) Volume 249() pp:
Publication Date(Web):May 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.jssc.2017.03.006
LaF3:Eu3+, LaF3:Eu3+@LaF3, LaF3:Eu3+@CeF3 and LaF3:Eu3+@SiO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal route and modified Stöber method. The surface property of LaF3:Eu3+ particle was successfully modified by coating LaF3 and SiO2 shell onto the particle, which resulted in the change of the surface property and luminescence emission of LaF3:Eu3+. It was found that the surface quenchers were decreased and thus the nonradiative pathways were reduced with core/shell structure, which not only enhanced the yellow emission of the sample, but also changed the intensity ratio of the yellow to orange emission. The dependence of the shell property and shell thickness on the luminescence emission spectra were investigated systematically. The current investigation can provide useful information for developing applications in biological imaging, detection, and sensing and other aspects.
Co-reporter:Dangli Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Hairong Zheng, Peng Shi, Long Li and Yawen Ling
Dalton Transactions 2013 - vol. 42(Issue 5) pp:NaN1841-1841
Publication Date(Web):2012/10/26
DOI:10.1039/C2DT31814H
An innovative route to tune upconversion (UC) emission in β-NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ nanorods through codoping a third rare-earth ion upon continuous wave excitation near 976 nm is reported. The dependence of UC emission on codopant concentration and environment temperature shows that tailored local environment and readjustable depopulation of excited-state ions are responsible for the tuning of UC luminescence. Codopant ions introduce a new distribution of active ions and a modified distance between Tm3+ and Yb3+ ions, making UC systems more sensitive to impurity ions than downconversion systems.
Co-reporter:Wei Gao, Hairong Zheng, Qingyan Han, Enjie He, Fangqi Gao and Ruibo Wang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 - vol. 2(Issue 27) pp:NaN5334-5334
Publication Date(Web):2014/04/23
DOI:10.1039/C4TC00585F
In this work, hexagonal phase NaY(Gd0.4)F4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanocrystals were obtained by solvothermal method. The upconversion emission tuning from green to red in NaY(Gd0.4)F4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanocrystals was successfully achieved by replacing Y3+ ions in the nanocrystal structure with Ce3+ ions under 980 nm excitation. The red upconversion emission intensity was enhanced with Ce3+ concentration increasing. The output colors for the samples can be clearly observed in a confocal microscopy setup. It was found that two efficient cross-relaxation processes between Ho3+ and Ce3+ ions had been employed to enhance red emission and suppress green emission. The possible upconversion mechanisms and conversion efficiency between Ho3+ and Ce3+ ions were investigated in detail. In addition, the influence of the matrix and surface properties on the upconversion emission of the samples was also discussed. The red upconversion emission of Yb3+, Ho3+ and Gd3+ codoped nanocrystals in this work will have great potential applications in biological imaging, magnetic resonance imaging agents, and display and anti-counterfeiting applications.
